Abstract
Fluoride in wastewater is normally introduced through industrial processes and manufacturing. The toxicity of fluoride is well understood and considerable work has been done on the defluoridation of well waters and wastewaters. The present paper describes a two-stage method that utilizes lime in the first stage for the removal of the bulk of fluoride and zirconium in the second stage as an agent for polishing. This method brings down the fluoride to a level less than 0.2 mg/L from an initial concentration in excess of 100 mg/L. The fluoride from zirconium hydroxide precipitate generated in the second stage could be quantitatively removed by a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide, thus affording recycling of zirconium, which makes this method cost effective.
Published Version
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