Removal of arsenic from aqueous solution by novel iron and iron–zirconium modified activated carbon derived from chemical carbonization of Tectona grandis sawdust: Isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic and breakthrough curve modelling

Abstract

The aim of the present study was: development of activated carbon modified with iron (Fe@AC) and modified with iron and zirconium (Fe–Zr@AC) from the Tectona grandis sawdust (TGS) waste biomass and its potential applicability for the removal of As (III) from contaminated water by batch and column mode. The biomass waste was pre-treated with ferric chloride (FeCl3) and the mixture of FeCl3 and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and then pyrolyzed at 500 °C for 2 h. The properties of both bioadsorbents were comprehensively characterized by using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Particle Size analysis (PSA), point of zero charge (pHZPC), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) to prove successful impregnation of the Fe and Zr on the surface of AC of TGS. FTIR analysis clearly indicates the Fe and Fe–Zr complexation on biosorbents surface and biosorption of As (III). The results revealed that maximum As (III) removal was achieved 86.35% by Fe–Zr@AC (3 g/L dose, pH-7.0, temperature-25 °C and concentration 0.5 mg/L). However, maximum removal of As (III) was attained ~75% by Fe@AC (with dose-4g/L, pH-7.0, temperature-25 °C and concentration 0.5 mg/L) at the initial concentration of 0.5 mg/L of As (III). Fe–Zr@AC exhibits higher efficiency with qmax value 1.206 mg/g than Fe@AC with the qmax value 0.679 mg/g for the removal of As(III). While in the column study, Fe–Zr@AC exhibited 98.8% removal at flow rate of 5 mL/min and bed height of 5 cm. Biosorption Isotherm and Kinetics were fitted good with Langmuir isotherm (R2 ≥ 0.99) and followed pseudo-second-order (R2 ≥ 0.99). The regeneration study indicates that the prepared biosorbents efficiently recycled up to five cycles. Therefore, Fe@AC and Fe–Zr@AC derived from TGS has been showed to be novel, effective, and economical biosorbent. The collective benefits of easy development, good affinity towards As (III), good separability, reusability, and inexpensive of magnetized Fe@AC and Fe–Zr@AC make it a novel biosorbent. The application of Fe–Zr@AC for the removal of As (III) from the water was very efficient its concentration in the solution after treatment was found below the 10 μg/L as per the guideline WHO.