Abstract
El Niño and La Niña Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are major drivers that affect climatic variables in many countries. Therefore, ENSO mediated variation in climatic factors have significant consequences for crop production. We studied ENSO mediated variations in temperature and rainfall in the five coastal districts of Bangladesh during 1951–2017, and the impacts on major crops production were analyzed using growing degree day (GDD) index. Statistical analyses were performed on different climatic parameters in relation to ENSO events and locations. Results indicate that ENSO events had significant influence on monthly, seasonal and annual temperature and rainfall amounts (p < 0.05). Specifically, maximum temperature under ENSO phases were higher during Kharif-I and Kharif-II seasons than neutral years. In contrast, the minimum temperature was higher in neutral years than ENSO events during Rabi season. Averaged across stations, annual mean maximum temperature was 0.5 and 0.23 °C higher during El Niño and La Niña compared to neutral years. Rainfall was higher during neutral years compared to El Niño and La Niña. These changes in seasonal temperature variably changed crop GDD in different locations and thus, crop growth duration and crop yield. Therefore, this study provides a general understanding to ENSO mediated impacts on coastal agriculture in Bangladesh.
Highlights
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a strong climatic driver, is active in the tropical regions with significant impacts on the climate and weather systems [1,2,3]
The monthly average maximum temperature was higher in both El Niño and La Niña years compared to the neutral years with a larger difference in the El Niño years
During El Niño years, up to 1.17 ◦ C higher maximum temperatures were recorded in May, while up to 0.74 ◦ C higher minimum temperatures were measured in November
Summary
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a strong climatic driver, is active in the tropical regions with significant impacts on the climate and weather systems [1,2,3]. It results from the ocean–atmosphere interactions occurred in inter-annual timescales. Impacts of ENSO signals on climate variables are not uniform, rather it significantly varies with locations across the globe [19]. It is well-known that extreme climatic events such as drought, flood, and tropical cyclone are
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