Abstract
SummaryIn the study, we compare two methods used to assess the effects of nourishment on the bone status. Statistical analysis demonstrated a moderate conformity of both methods. Short Food Frequency Questionnaires can be used as short medical screening tool for calcium intake among women over 55 years of life.IntroductionOsteoporosis is a civilisation disease, the development of which is, among others, controlled and affected by diet. The factors which promote the health of bones include calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, phosphorus, magnesium, and protein. A number of nutritional epidemiology methods can be applied to assess the effects of nourishment on the bone status, e.g. Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) in its full or short (sFFQ) version or 3-day food record (3DFR). Both methods are known and widely used tools.MethodsIn the reported study, we attempted to compare and assess the sFFQ and 3DFR tools. Both methods were employed to examine 156 women, the majority of whom presented with an overweight-indicating BMI. An analysis of sFFQ data brought an observation that most of the studied patients (33.3%) consumed milk once a day.ResultsBased on 3DFR and sFFQ, we compared the measured volumes of consumed calcium which were 557.8 mg/day and 880.7 mg/day, respectively. The Cohen’s kappa calculator was used for a diagnostic evaluation of both tools; the kappa index was 0.5047, demonstrating a moderate conformity of both methods. In addition, sensitivity and specificity indices were calculated, revealing the values of 97% and 12%, respectively.ConclusionssFFQ can be used as a short medical screening. It is suggested to use both the 3DFR, conducted by the patient, and sFFQ, as a complementary method. It is necessary to continue this type of studies and to standardise the methods of nutritional status assessment with regard to selected groups.
Highlights
Osteoporosis is a disease that is characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone microarchitecture: it can lead to compromised bone strength and an increase in the risk of fractures [1]
The data of 156 women (40.2% of the group) were transferred to further processing, since the energetic value from food records of 20 studied women was below 1000 kcal, what we considered to be a kind of a systematic error in the study apparatus [11, 12]
A Croatian study of 333 postmenopausal women has demonstrated that Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) may not be suitable for determination of either low, i.e. < 500 mg or very high, i.e. > 1200 mg, calcium supplementation
Summary
Osteoporosis is a disease that is characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone microarchitecture: it can lead to compromised bone strength and an increase in the risk of fractures [1]. Osteoporosis is one of the civilisation diseases, the onset and course of which depend on the diet with an appropriate supplementation of nutritional components, i.e. calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D3 or protein [2,3,4,5]. Calcium is important to bone health, but it is essential for neuromuscular activity, blood coagulation and normal cardiac function. It is a vital component of skeleton where it is deposited by osteoblasts on a bone matrix throughout life. In case of low calcium level, parathyroids stimulate increased resorption of calcium in the kidneys and intestines, accelerating by that bone resorption. An adequate intake of calcium is necessary to maintain this balance and healthy bones. [6, 7]
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