Abstract
The deployment of relays between Internet of Things (IoT) end devices and gateways can improve link quality. In cellular-based IoT, relays have the potential to reduce base station overload. The energy expended in single-hop long-range communication can be reduced if relays listen to transmissions of end devices and forward these observations to gateways. However, incorporating relays into IoT networks faces some challenges. IoT end devices are designed primarily for uplink communication of small-sized observations toward the network; hence, opportunistically using end devices as relays needs a redesign of both the medium access control (MAC) layer protocol of such end devices and possible addition of new communication interfaces. Additionally, the wake-up time of IoT end devices needs to be synchronized with that of the relays. For cellular-based IoT, the possibility of using infrastructure relays exists, and noncellular IoT networks can leverage the presence of mobile devices for relaying, for example, in remote healthcare. However, the latter presents problems of incentivizing relay participation and managing the mobility of relays. Furthermore, although relays can increase the lifetime of IoT networks, deploying relays implies the need for additional batteries to power them. This can erode the energy efficiency gain that relays offer. Therefore, designing relay-assisted IoT networks that provide acceptable trade-offs is key, and this goes beyond adding an extra transmit RF chain to a relay-enabled IoT end device. There has been increasing research interest in IoT relaying, as demonstrated in the available literature. Works that consider these issues are surveyed in this paper to provide insight into the state of the art, provide design insights for network designers and motivate future research directions.
Highlights
T He Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm allows for the connection of many devices to one another and to the Internet
The focus of this paper is to provide a holistic survey of works that are related to relaying in IoT networks
We provide a concise review of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques and their applications in relay-assisted IoT networks
Summary
T He Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm allows for the connection of many devices to one another and to the Internet. With humans involved, providing incentives to encourage sharing communication resources for IoT data forwarding becomes an issue in addressing and managing the mobility of user-owned machines It remains to be seen whether relays for IoT networks should be modified end devices or if they should be additional gateways [11]. Therein, the authors discuss network architectures, relay node selection and point out the unique quality of service requirements of relay-based WBANs. In Table 1, key related surveys and their focus areas are given to highlight how these surveys differ from our work. Antenna patterns and spatial streams Improved relay selection mechanisms 5G, semantic Web, cognitive radio, cloud computing Clustering methods and relay selection 5G IoT enablers (D2D, mmWave , relaying, wireless SDNs, NFVs) Strategies in overcoming selfish and malicious behaviors in human-centric networks NOMA-based D2D communication. MIMO, WSN, cognitive radio, vehicular ad hoc network, NOMA beamforming techniques and IoT Wireless Body Area Networks, Healthcare IoT IoT applications Smart Cities, Industrial IoT IoT in 5G systems WBANs WBANs IoT focus
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