Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents a cluster of physiological and anthropometric abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the levels of inflammation, adiponectin, and oxidative stress in subjects with MS. The inclusion criteria for MS, according to the Taiwan Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, were applied to the case group (n = 72). The control group (n = 105) comprised healthy individuals with normal blood biochemical values. The levels of inflammatory markers [high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, an oxidative stress marker (malondialdehyde), and antioxidant enzymes activities [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] were measured. Subjects with MS had significantly higher concentrations of inflammatory markers and lower adiponectin level, and lower antioxidant enzymes activities than the control subjects. The levels of inflammatory markers and adiponectin were significantly correlated with the components of MS. The level of hs-CRP was significantly correlated with the oxidative stress marker. The IL-6 level was significantly correlated with the SOD and GPx activities, and the adiponectin level was significantly correlated with the GPx activity. A higher level of hs-CRP (≥1.00 mg/L), or IL-6 (≥1.50 pg/mL) or a lower level of adiponectin (<7.90 µg/mL) were associated with a significantly greater risk of MS. In conclusion, subjects suffering from MS may have a higher inflammation status and a higher level of oxidative stress. A higher inflammation status was significantly correlated with decreases in the levels of antioxidant enzymes and adiponectin and an increase in the risk of MS.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents a clustering of physiological and anthropometric abnormalities [1] and is recognized as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes [2]
The present study showed a statistically significant link between the levels of inflammatory markers, adiponectin, and oxidative stress in MS
We observed that the levels of inflammatory markers were significantly positively correlated with the components of MS; in contrast, the level of adiponectin was inversely correlated with the components of MS. (Table 2)
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents a clustering of physiological and anthropometric abnormalities [1] and is recognized as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes [2]. A recent NHANES (2003–2006) reported that the prevalence rates of MS were 35.1% in men and 32.6% in women [5]. In Taiwan, a report from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) conducted during 1993–1996 observed that the prevalence rates of MS were 13.6% in men and 26.4% in women. A recent report from NAHSIT (2005–2008) reported that the prevalence rates of MS had increased to 25.5% in men and 31.5% in women [6]. The markers of MS, including insulin resistance, type II diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and visceral obesity, may increase oxidative stress [7,8,9] and reduce antioxidant defenses [10,11,12]. Increases in oxidative stress contribute to impaired vascular function, inflammation, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis and give rise to vascular disease [13]
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