Abstract
PurposeIncreased frailty in older individuals increases health risks, but its relationship with glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness in middle-aged and older adults, is unclear. We investigated the association between frailty and glaucoma in a large-scale representative sample and explored possible causal relationships. DesignCombined cross-sectional and Mendelian randomization (MR) study. ParticipantsIn the cross-sectional analysis, we included 5744 participants of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005–2008 aged ≥40. For the MR analysis, frailty genome-wide association study (GWAS) data were sourced from a UK Biobank and TwinGen meta-analysis, and GWAS data on glaucoma subtypes were derived from FinnGen. MethodsAccording to the 49-item frailty index, we classified participants into nonfrail (≤0.10), prefrail (0.10−0.21), and frail (>0.21) groups. Using survey-weighted logistic regression models adjusted for multiple covariates, we explored the association between frailty and glaucoma. We further assessed causation using MR. Main Outcome MeasuresThe associations between different levels of frailty (nonfrail, prefrail, and frail) and glaucoma, as well as causal relationships between genetically predicted frailty and various subtypes of glaucoma (primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle-closure glaucoma, normotensive glaucoma, exfoliation glaucoma, and suspected glaucoma). ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, higher frailty levels were significantly associated with glaucoma in frail individuals (odds ratio [OR]=1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.05–3.19, P=0.036) but not prefrail (OR=1.90, 95% CI=0.99–3.64, P=0.052). The association was significantly stronger among male participants (P interaction=0.042). The variation in the association between frailty and glaucoma did not reach statistical significance across age groups (P interaction=0.575) or race groups (P interaction=0.092). MR revealed that genetically predicted frailty was linked to greater risks for primary open-angle glaucoma (OR=1.67, 95% CI=1.24–2.25, P=0.001), primary angle-closure glaucoma (OR=2.78, 95% CI=1.48–5.20, P=0.001), exfoliation glaucoma (OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.18–2.43, P=0.004), and suspected glaucoma (OR=1.74, 95% CI=1.30–2.34, P<0.001), but not for normotensive glaucoma (OR=1.01, 95% CI=0.61–1.68, P=0.956). ConclusionsOur study revealed an association between frailty and increased glaucoma risk and emphasized the significance of glaucoma screening in frail individuals. Targeted healthcare strategies can help prevent or delay irreversible blindness among middle-aged and older adults.
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