Abstract
Summary Precision results, standard deviation or relative standard deviation, can be expressed in terms of either reading or analyte concentrations. The latter is perhaps more useful when expressing analytical data, but both are based on instrumental readings obtained with the measuring instrument. An important consideration is the quality of the signal itself (signal size and noise level). Signal size for a given concentration is directly correlated with the corresponding percentual sensitivity obtained under the chosen working conditions. Signal noise, also for a given concentration, is in turn directly correlated with the values known as fluctuational sensitivities. Three main cases are considered here: (a) small signal size , (b) medium signal size , and (c) large signal size . At low signal size two effects have been observed which can impair precision: (a) fluctuations of signal size due to residual effects, memory and similar forces; and (b) fluctuations of zero adjustment.
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