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Abstract
This cross-sectional study sought to evaluate the association between insufficient sleep and bad breath among Korean adolescent population. It was based on the 13th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (2017). From 64,991 participants (aged 13–18 years), the final participation rate in the survey was 95.8% (62,276 participants; 31,624 boys and 30,652 girls). A complex sample logistic regression was performed to identify the relationship between insufficient sleep and halitosis, after adjusting for all covariates. In Model II for estimating the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for general characteristics, students who answered “not at all sufficient”, indicating insufficient sleep, were at higher risk of bad breath than those who answered “completely sufficient” (AOR = 2.09, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.91–2.30). In Model III, for estimating the AOR adjusted for all covariates, students who answered “not at all sufficient”, indicating insufficient sleep, were at higher risk of bad breath than those who answered “completely sufficient” (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.33–1.83). It is necessary for families and schools to have health education lessons that recognize insufficient sleep among adolescents may be a cause of bad breath and therefore optimal sleeping habits and oral health behaviors should be promoted.
Highlights
Sufficient sleep facilitates optimal human metabolism and plays an important role in maintaining the normal functioning of the body and brain
Sleep deprivation results in reduced saliva flow and IgA secretion rate; oral health is associated with insufficient sleep, increased salivary interleukin-6 production, and high levels of Streptococcus mutans colony counts, which could be a factor contributing to dental caries [7,8,9,10]
In terms of living status, the highest prevalence of bad breath was among students who reported living in boarding and dorms (24.8% p = 0.006)
Summary
Sufficient sleep facilitates optimal human metabolism and plays an important role in maintaining the normal functioning of the body and brain. Sleep restores damaged cells and muscles, relieves tiredness and fatigue, and facilitates well-being and a healthy life [1,2,3,4]. Lack of sleep increases susceptibility to infections owing to changes in human hormones, reduced immunity, and inflammatory biomarker expression [1,2,3,5]. Sleep deprivation results in reduced saliva flow and IgA secretion rate; oral health is associated with insufficient sleep, increased salivary interleukin-6 production, and high levels of Streptococcus mutans colony counts, which could be a factor contributing to dental caries [7,8,9,10]. A decreased rate of salivary flow in the mouth during sleep may decrease the antibacterial and cleaning effects of saliva and render teeth vulnerable to dental caries.
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