Relationship between Full-Thickness Macular Hole Onset and Posterior Vitreous Detachment: A Temporal Onset Theory

Abstract

PurposeTo evaluate the relationship between full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) onset and perifoveal posterior vitreous detachment using optical coherence tomography (OCT) data.DesignRetrospective study.ParticipantsA total of 742 patients with FTMH or impending macular hole (MH) in at least one eye, as determined by ophthalmoscopy and OCT.MethodsMHs were staged using OCT results. Patients with the posterior vitreous membrane clearly detected in the OCT images and vitreoretinal adhesion size ≤ 1500 μm—eyes with MH stages 1–3—were included in the study. The contralateral eyes were also included in the analyses if they showed the focal type of vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) (i.e., vitreoretinal adhesion ≤ 1500 μm). The distance between the posterior vitreous membrane and the surface of the retina was defined as the posterior vitreous separation height (PVSH). Using the OCT images, PVSHs of each eye in four directions (nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior) at 1 mm from the center of the MH or fovea were calculated.Main Outcome MeasuresThe main outcome measures were PVSHs according to the MH stage and VMA, the relationship of the foveal inner tear with PVSH, and the likelihood of a foveal inner tear based on the direction.ResultsThe PVSH trends in each of the four directions were as follows: VMA < MH stage 1 = MH stage 2 < MH stage 3. Initial MH stage 2 (onset of FTMH) was defined as the presence of a gap in only one of the four directions from the center of the MH. With increased PVSH, the likelihood of a gap increased (P = 0.002), and a temporal gap was more likely to occur than a nasal gap (P = 0.002).ConclusionsAt FTMH onset, a foveal inner tear likely appears on the temporal side or the side showing a high PVSH value.