Abstract
BackgroundObesity is a health hazard which is closely associated with various complications including insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes and cancer. In spite of numerous preclinical and clinical interventions, the prevalence of obesity and its related disorders are on the rise demanding an urgent need for exploring novel therapeutic agents that can regulate adipogenesis. In the present study, we evaluated whether a dietary supplement ReishiMax (RM), containing triterpenes and polysaccharides extracted from medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, affects adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells.Methods3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes and treated with RM (0-300 μg/ml). Adipocyte differentiation/lipid uptake was evaluated by oil red O staining and triglyceride and glycerol concentrations were determined. Gene expression was evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Glucose uptake was determined with [3H]-glucose.ResultsRM inhibited adipocyte differentiation through the suppresion of expression of adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), sterol regulatory element binding element protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBP-α). RM also suppressed expression of enzymes and proteins responsible for lipid synthesis, transport and storage: fatty acid synthase (FAS), acyl-CoA synthetase-1 (ACS1), fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4), fatty acid transport protein-1 (FATP1) and perilipin. RM induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased glucose uptake by adipocytes.ConclusionOur study suggests that RM can control adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake. The health benefits of ReishiMax warrant further clinical studies.
Highlights
Obesity is a health hazard which is closely associated with various complications including insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes and cancer
We have previously demonstrated that ReishiMax (RM), a dietary supplement containing triterpenes and polysaccharides extracted from medicinal mushroom G. lucidum, is effective in inhibiting the proliferation, invasive behavior and angiogenesis in different cancer models [34,35,36,37,38,39]
Effect of RM on lipid accumulation, triglyceride uptake and glycerol accumulation To evaluate whether RM affects the lipid uptake in adipocytes, we analyzed the changes in the amount of triglycerides and glycerol after inducing adipocyte differentiation
Summary
Obesity is a health hazard which is closely associated with various complications including insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes and cancer. There are several lines of evidence to show that obesity triggers the dysregulation of the endocrine function of the adipose tissue [8,9] This suggests that adipose tissue is no longer considered to be an inert tissue solely responsible for energy store, instead is recognized as a major secretory organ, releasing a variety of adipocytokines such as adiponectin, leptin, resitin and visfatin [10]. These adipocytokines provide the link between obesity, insulin resistance and inflammatory disorders [10,11]. The initial events are orchestrated by several transcription factors, CCAAT/
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