Abstract
Mitochondria produce the majority of ATP required by cells via oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, regulation of mitochondrial quality and quantity is important for maintaining cellular activities. Mitophagy, the selective degradation of mitochondria, is thought to contribute to control of mitochondrial quality and quantity. In recent years, the molecular mechanism of mitophagy has been extensively studied in yeast and mammalian cells. In particular, identification of the mitophagy receptor Atg32 has contributed to substantial progress in understanding of mitophagy in yeast. This review summarizes the molecular mechanism of mitophagy in yeast and compares it to the mechanism of mitophagy in mammals. We also discuss the current understanding of mitophagy in plants.
Highlights
Autophagy is a catabolic process that degrades cytoplasmic proteins and organelles
This review summarizes the molecular mechanism of mitophagy in yeast (Figure 1)
Atg32 phosphorylation is mediated by casein kinase 2 (CK2) and is suppressed by the Ppg1/Far complex
Summary
Autophagy is a catabolic process that degrades cytoplasmic proteins and organelles. Autophagy induction in yeast results in formation of the pre-autophagosomal structure or phagophore assembly site (PAS), an initial complex of autophagy-related (Atg) proteins, on the vacuole surface. Recent studies have revealed that autophagy selectively degrades specific cellular components These include mitochondria, ER, peroxisome, ribosomes, and the cytoplasm-to-vacuole (Cvt) complex [aminopeptidase I (Ape1) and α-mannosidase (Ams1)]. These selective autophagic processes are called mitophagy, ER-phagy, pexophagy, ribophagy, and the Cvt pathway, respectively (Anding and Baehrecke, 2017). Most of the adaptor and receptor proteins for selective autophagy have a conserved WXXL-like sequence (W/YX-X-L/I/V) This sequence is called the Atg8-family interacting motif (AIM) or the LC3-interacting region (LIR) (Noda et al, 2010). Atg interacts with adaptor or receptor proteins via AIM/LIR to FIGURE 1 | Molecular mechanism of mitophagy in yeast. CK2, casein kinase 2; PAS, phagophore assembly site or pre-autophagosomal structure; TOR, target of rapamycin
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