Abstract
Mitophagy is a type of autophagy that selectively degrades mitochondria. Mitochondria, known as the “powerhouse of the cell”, supply the majority of the energy required by cells. During energy production, mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts. The ROS damage mitochondria, and the damaged mitochondria further produce mitochondrial ROS. The increased mitochondrial ROS damage cellular components, including mitochondria themselves, and leads to diverse pathologies. Accordingly, it is crucial to eliminate excessive or damaged mitochondria to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis, in which mitophagy is believed to play a major role. Recently, the molecular mechanism and physiological role of mitophagy have been vigorously studied in yeast and mammalian cells. In yeast, Atg32 and Atg43, mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, were identified as mitophagy receptors in budding yeast and fission yeast, respectively. Here we summarize the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy in yeast, as revealed by the analysis of Atg32 and Atg43, and review recent progress in our understanding of mitophagy induction and regulation in yeast.
Highlights
Mitophagy is a type of autophagy that selectively degrades mitochondria
It was suggested that Parkin and PINK1 accumulate on depolarized mitochondria and induce mitophagy to eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria [10]
Mitophagy is a physiological process conserved in eukaryotic organisms, ranging from unicellular cellular organisms, like yeast, to multicellular organisms, such as mammals
Summary
Mitochondria are double-membrane-bound organelles that supply energy through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). In contrast to the nonselective autophagy explained above, types of autophagy that selectively eliminate specific organelles and cellular compartments, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (ER-phagy), peroxisomes (pexophagy), ribosomes (ribophagy), nuclei (nucleophagy), and the aminopeptidase 1 (Ape1) complex (cytoplasmto-vacuole [Cvt]), exist [17,18,19,20,21,22]. Both selective and nonselective autophagy use the same machinery to form autophagosomes, and the above process is thought to be common between selective and nonselective autophagy. A unique feature of selective autophagy is how autophagic factors recognize cargos and how the isolation membrane incorporates them selectively
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