Abstract
The generation of oxygen radicals and their derivatives, known as reactive oxygen species, (ROS) is a part of the signaling process in higher plants at lower concentrations, but at higher concentrations, those ROS cause oxidative stress. Salinity-induced osmotic stress and ionic stress trigger the overproduction of ROS and, ultimately, result in oxidative damage to cell organelles and membrane components, and at severe levels, they cause cell and plant death. The antioxidant defense system protects the plant from salt-induced oxidative damage by detoxifying the ROS and also by maintaining the balance of ROS generation under salt stress. Different plant hormones and genes are also associated with the signaling and antioxidant defense system to protect plants when they are exposed to salt stress. Salt-induced ROS overgeneration is one of the major reasons for hampering the morpho-physiological and biochemical activities of plants which can be largely restored through enhancing the antioxidant defense system that detoxifies ROS. In this review, we discuss the salt-induced generation of ROS, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense of plants under salinity.
Highlights
Abiotic stresses are closely associated with climate change, and they hamper the growth and development of plants; the yield and quality of crops are negatively affected
This review focuses on the generation and consequence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the role of the antioxidant defense system under salt stress
Several research reports demonstrated that exogenous application of hormones and signaling molecules regulated or enhanced the antioxidant defense system, conferred osmoprotection and improved physiology, which defended against oxidative damage under salt stress conditions [147,148,149]
Summary
Abiotic stresses are closely associated with climate change, and they hamper the growth and development of plants; the yield and quality of crops are negatively affected. Salinity-induced osmotic stress, ionic stress and nutrient imbalance as well as their secondary effects altogether lead to the overgeneration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [5,6]. Oxygen radicals and their derivatives, called ROS, are produced by different cellular metabolisms in various cellular compartments. Due to disruption of the equilibrium between ROS production and antioxidant defense, oxidative stress occurs under abiotic stresses (including salinity). Non-enzymatic as well as enzymatic components of the antioxidant defense system scavenge or detoxify the excessive ROS which mitigates the negative effect of oxidative stress [2,13]. We discuss the hormonal and gene regulation associated with ROS metabolism under salinity
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