Abstract
Protein post-translational modification (PTM) is a reversible process, which can dynamically regulate the metabolic state of cells through regulation of protein structure, activity, localization or protein–protein interactions. Actinomycetes are present in the soil, air and water, and their life cycle is strongly determined by environmental conditions. The complexity of variable environments urges Actinomycetes to respond quickly to external stimuli. In recent years, advances in identification and quantification of PTMs have led researchers to deepen their understanding of the functions of PTMs in physiology and metabolism, including vegetative growth, sporulation, metabolite synthesis and infectivity. On the other hand, most donor groups for PTMs come from various metabolites, suggesting a complex association network between metabolic states, PTMs and signaling pathways. Here, we review the mechanisms and functions of PTMs identified in Actinomycetes, focusing on phosphorylation, acylation and protein degradation in an attempt to summarize the recent progress of research on PTMs and their important role in bacterial cellular processes.
Highlights
Actinomycetes are Gram-positive filamentous bacteria, which grow mainly in the form of mycelia and propagate as spores
It is known that the natural products in Actinomycetes are produced during specific cell cycle stages named secondary metabolism, after forming a vegetative mycelium that grows both on the medium and into it
It is clear that the link between post-translational modification (PTM) and primary metabolism is intimate
Summary
Actinomycetes are Gram-positive filamentous bacteria, which grow mainly in the form of mycelia and propagate as spores. It is known that the natural products in Actinomycetes are produced during specific cell cycle stages named secondary metabolism, after forming a vegetative mycelium that grows both on the medium and into it This timely government emphasizes cell responsiveness to extracellular and intracellular stimuli [31]. The phosphoproteome is one of the most common bacterial PTMs, while acylation is a more complicated regulatory mechanism balanced by multiple roles of acyl-CoA for the biosynthesis of acyl-CoA-derived natural products [32] In this general chemical biosynthetic pathway, acyl-CoAs serve as the donor for acylation, leading to enzymatic regulation, as well as the major precursors for metabolite production [33].
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