Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, can negatively regulate the growth and development of skeletal muscle by autocrine or paracrine signaling. Mutation of the myostatin gene under artificial or natural conditions can lead to a significant increase in muscle quality and produce a double-muscle phenotype. Here, we review the similarities and differences between myostatin and other members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and the mechanisms of myostatin self-regulation. In addition, we focus extensively on the regulation of myostatin functions involved in myogenic differentiation, myofiber type conversion, and skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Also, we summarize the induction of reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress by myostatin in skeletal muscle. This review of recent insights into the function of myostatin will provide reference information for future studies of myostatin-regulated skeletal muscle formation and may have relevance to agricultural fields of study.
Highlights
Myogenesis, the process of skeletal muscle formation, is a highly coordinated multistep biological process driven by many regulatory factors, such as paired box family proteins 3 and 7, myogenic regulatory factors, and myocyte enhancer factor 2 family proteins
We extensively summarize the regulatory effects of myostatin on myogenic differentiation, muscle fiber type transformation, and skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation
More Smad4 is available for phosphorylated Smad2/3 when the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway is blocked or myostatin expression is increased, resulting in atrophy (Sartori et al, 2013b). This indicates that muscle hypertrophy caused by myostatin inhibition results from activation of the BMP pathway, further suggesting that BMP signaling plays an important role in controlling muscle maintenance, growth, and atrophy
Summary
Myogenesis, the process of skeletal muscle formation, is a highly coordinated multistep biological process driven by many regulatory factors, such as paired box family proteins 3 and 7, myogenic regulatory factors (myogenin, MyoD, Myf5, and MRF4/6), and myocyte enhancer factor 2 family proteins. We extensively summarize the regulatory effects of myostatin on myogenic differentiation, muscle fiber type transformation, and skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Known as growth differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8), is a member of the TGF-β superfamily and negatively regulates the growth and development of skeletal muscle through autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways (Gao et al, 2013).
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