Regional Vulnerability Indices in Youth With Persistent and Distressing Psychoticlike Experiences

Abstract

Distressing and persistent psychoticlike experiences (PLEs) in youth are associated with greater odds of developing psychiatric conditions in adulthood. Despite this risk, it is unclear whether early PLEs show similar brain patterns compared with adults with psychiatric and neurologic conditions. To examine the degree to which persistent and distressing PLEs exhibit neural metrics that show similarity to adults with chronic psychiatric and neurologic conditions. This cohort study used Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study examining the persistence and distress associated with PLEs across the first 3 waves of data with baseline structural magnetic resonance imaging data. Analyzed data were collected between September 1, 2016, and September 27, 2021. Children were recruited from 21 research sites across the US. Psychoticlike experiences were assessed using the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child Version, and participants were categorized into groups based on the persistence and distress associated with PLEs. Cortical and subcortical regional vulnerability indices (RVIs) were created by quantifying the similarity of participants' baseline neuroimaging measures to the expected patterns found in adult neuropsychiatric samples. The PLE groups were compared on the following RVI cortical and subcortical metrics: schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and metabolic diseases. Analyses examined PLE groups created from 8242 children in the ABCD sample (52.5% male; mean [SD] age, 9.93 [0.63] years; and 56.3% White), including persistent distressing PLEs (n = 329), transient distressing PLEs (n = 396), persistent nondistressing PLEs (n = 234), transient nondistressing PLEs (n = 390), and low distressing PLEs (n = 6893) groups. Participants with persistent or transient distressing PLEs broadly showed increased subcortical RVI scores across most RVI metrics, with persistent distressing PLEs additionally showing increased scores for cortical RVI metrics. The greatest effect sizes were found for persistent distressing PLEs with cortical RVI-schizophrenia spectrum disorders (β estimate, 1.055; 95% CI, 0.326-1.786) and RVI-Alzheimer disease (β estimate, 2.473; 95% CI, 0.930-4.018). In this cohort study of ABCD participants, the findings suggest that especially the persistent distressing PLEs in children were associated with neural metrics resembling those observed in adults with severe psychiatric and neurologic conditions. These findings support the potential use of brain-based risk scores for early identification and precision medicine approaches in the assessment of PLEs.