Abstract
Abstract. Simulations of the Indian summer monsoon by the cloud-permitting Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at gray-zone resolution are described in this study, with a particular emphasis on the model ability to capture the monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs). Five boreal summers are simulated from 2007 to 2011 using the ERA-Interim reanalysis as the lateral boundary forcing data. Our experimental setup relies on a horizontal grid spacing of 9 km to explicitly simulate deep convection without the use of cumulus parameterizations. When compared to simulations with coarser grid spacing (27 km) and using a cumulus scheme, the 9 km simulations reduce the biases in mean precipitation and produce more realistic low-frequency variability associated with MISOs. Results show that the model at the 9 km gray-zone resolution captures the salient features of the summer monsoon. The spatial distributions and temporal evolutions of monsoon rainfall in the WRF simulations verify qualitatively well against observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM), with regional maxima located over Western Ghats, central India, Himalaya foothills, and the west coast of Myanmar. The onset, breaks, and withdrawal of the summer monsoon in each year are also realistically captured by the model. The MISO-phase composites of monsoon rainfall, low-level wind, and precipitable water anomalies in the simulations also agree qualitatively with the observations. Both the simulations and observations show a northeastward propagation of the MISOs, with the intensification and weakening of the Somali Jet over the Arabian Sea during the active and break phases of the Indian summer monsoon.
Highlights
The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is the most vigorous weather phenomena affecting the Indian subcontinent every year from June through September (JJAS)
The lowfrequency mode is generally known as the monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO), which is closely related to the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO; Krishnamurthy and Shukla, 2007; Suhas et al, 2013; Sabeerali et al, 2017; Kikuchi et al, 2012; Lee et al, 2013) and is characterized by northeastward propagation of the precipitation from the Indian Ocean to the Himalaya foothills (Jiang et al, 2004)
Surface rainfall simulation over the plains and oceanic regions shows a high moist bias in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-27km, which improved dramatically in WRF-gray. These results show that higher model resolution and a better simulation of the largescale atmospheric circulation contributes to the improvement of the monsoon rainfall simulation in WRF-gray, a finding that will be discussed in detail
Summary
The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is the most vigorous weather phenomena affecting the Indian subcontinent every year from June through September (JJAS). It contributes about 80 % of the total annual precipitation over the region (Jain and Kumar, 2012; Bollasina, 2014) and has substantial influences on agricultural and industrial production in India. In other words, these MISO phases determine the length of the rainy season (Sabeerali et al, 2012).
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