Abstract
According to the European Renovation Wave, the European building stock is obsolete and changes very slowly: more than 220 million housing units and 85-95% of the existing buildings will still be in use in 2050 and are absolutely not energy efficient. To cut emissions by 55% by 2030, the EU should reduce greenhouse gas emissions from buildings by 60%, their final energy consumption by 14% and energy consumption for heating and cooling by 18%. It is therefore urgent for the EU to focus on making buildings more energy efficient, less carbon intensive throughout their life cycle and more sustainable. From this framework comes the need for an adaptation not only of residential buildings but also of hotel facilities, which, on a national scale, make up about 45% of the accommodation facilities. In particular, the offer of accommodation facilities must be constantly adequate and the structures must be upgraded so that they always remain usable and comply with current regulations from the accessibility, seismic-structural and energy point of view. In this research, four hotels located in the historic centre of Rome have been analysed as case studies. Starting from an analysis of the current state, a series of interventions on the building envelope and systems have been studied, evaluating energy savings and the reduction of polluting emissions. With regard to the systems, the total electrification of the heating and domestic hot water preparation systems has been hypothesised, with the introduction of storage systems, also in view of participation in Demand Response programs.
Highlights
The generation of electricity in Italy and in the rest of Europe has traditionally been entrusted to a centralized production system, with a mix of different power plants and different sources, renewable and non-renewable [12], but this must be adequate and made more efficient in light of the standards imposed by the European Commission for the drastic reduction of energy consumption [3,4].The Italian electricity system has always been characterized by the widespread use of hydroelectric systems [5]; since 2006, these systems have been joined by numerous other plants powered by renewable energy sources (RES), especially photovoltaic, wind and thermoelectric plants powered by bioenergy [6]
Case study n. 2 Hotel Albergo del Senato shows an annual consumption of 205,431 kWh/y of non-deferrable thermal loads; in this case the deferrable thermal loads remained unchanged with a quota equal to 4,935 kWh/y, and the storable load with an annual consumption of 124,957 kWh/y of which 6% for heating, 5% for cooling, 23% for the production of domestic hot water and 5% for mechanical ventilation
Case study n.3, the Hotel Raffaello, has an annual consumption of 112,765 kWh/y from the point of view of non-deferrable thermal loads [loads divided between lighting (32%), transport of people or things (2%) and various electrical uses (22%)], as regards the deferrable loads, the annual consumption is equal to 4,274 kWh/y, in this case unchanged compared to the situation before the interventions while the storable loads equal to 84,202 kWh/y have taken over, divided into 9% for heating, 7% for cooling, 25% for the production of domestic hot water and 3% for mechanical ventilation
Summary
The generation of electricity in Italy and in the rest of Europe has traditionally been entrusted to a centralized production system, with a mix of different power plants and different sources, renewable and non-renewable [12], but this must be adequate and made more efficient in light of the standards imposed by the European Commission for the drastic reduction of energy consumption [3,4].The Italian electricity system has always been characterized by the widespread use of hydroelectric systems [5]; since 2006, these systems have been joined by numerous other plants powered by renewable energy sources (RES), especially photovoltaic, wind and thermoelectric plants powered by bioenergy [6]. During the mid-seasons, when there is no consumption for air conditioning, there is a situation of overproduction due to the technical impossibility of blocking thermoelectric production for an interval of a few hours [11] This situation in the years to come will tend to worsen in step with climate change [12,13] both due to an increasingly conspicuous increase in the installation of photovoltaic and wind systems, and to the increase in energy efficiency measures that will tend to increase further periods of overproduction [14].
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