Reflexivity on stories of conflict among Latin American teenage school girls in a multicultural school in Madrid

This paper looks at forms of reflexivity and the moral positioning of social actors, displayed in conversational narratives about school conflict, co-produced by Latin American girls during sociolinguistic interviews with a female researcher of Latin American origin, in a multicultural school in the centre of Madrid. Understanding narratives as communicative practices makes them suitable discursive spaces for revealing the moral positioning and moral orders constructed in discourse. These discursive positionings need to be considered in the light of the ethnographic conditions under which such narratives emerge (Patino-Santos, 2016). Herein, I analyse narratives recounting conflicts from two different groups – female secondary school students and their teachers – based on the notion that it is in recounting and evaluating moments of conflict that social actors call upon their systems of beliefs and values. The failure of the girls’ secondary school and all the negative repercussions of such failure are central to problematising the social circumstances in which their narratives are produced.

Background : Having a breakfast is important for everyone, especially for school children, including teenage girls aged 13-15 years old to meet their energy requirements for their activities. Moreover, Having a breakfast has an effect for better studying performance. Objevtives: This study objective is to get the information about some factors that influence school teenage girls habitual breakfast. Methods : This Study is cross sectional study and was taking place in one of junior high schools in Depok town, West Java. Sample that had been recruited werw 217 school teenage girls, aged 13-15 years old. Data that had been collected in this study were habitual breakfast, knowledge, ideal body image, the availability of breakfast meal, school distance, having lunch money, habit of bringing meal to school, and parents education and income. Food recall data was collected by interviewing and other data was got by filling questioners in by samples. To analyze the relationship of some factors to habitual breakfast, chi square test and logistic regresi was used. Results : The percentage of teenage girl students having breakfast met their energy requirement is 58.5%, whereas who do not met the requirements is 41.5%. Teenage girls who have good nutrition knowledge are breakfast meal , mother education and teenage girls habitual breakfast (p 0.05). Conclusions : Some factors that influence habitual breakfast in teenage school girls are their nutrition knowledge, the availability of breakfast meal at home, their mother education. In addition the dominant factor that associated to that habit is mother education. Therefore, parents especially mothers should encourage their children to get used to eat breakfast. [Penel Gizi Makan 2009, 32(2): 94-100 ]. Key word: breakfast, habit, teenage girls, nutrition education, junior high school

The background of this research is the implementation of multicultural education that has been carried out by several Non Government Organizations (NGOs) in cooperation with the 22 high-level secondary schools in the range of 2005-2013. The author wants to know if the multicultural education is still being conducted and also wants to know the factors that affect the implementation of the multicultural education, especially on the aspects of the curriculum and teaching materials. The author conducts research on 12 (twelve) schools that have ever run the program. The study was conducted for two months with ethnographic methods. The author performs in-depth interviews alongside observations and library reviews. The results of this research show that the implementation of this program does not last according to the plan, although teenagers from schools studied in general are already aware of the multicultural education. Multicultural knowledge is still relatively low, but they want to learn the other ethnic culture. Other problems were found that the school did not continue the program because the curriculum of multicultural education and the existing teaching materials have not been perfected. Another important finding is that regional autonomy on the one hand can be an opportunity for schools to encourage multicultural education models but on the other hand to nourish identity politics. Both sides tend to be opposite, so it takes creative effort to connect them into the space of democracy and pluralism at school level. Violence in West Kalimantan can only be abolished when the community knows the root cause, then want and dare to face, deciding which chain that encourages violence is happening. If not then other violence will occur, and finally West Kalimantan will fall into the spiral of violence, as happened so far.

The silent truth of teenage pregnancies--Birth to Twenty cohort's next generation.

It is estimated that 23% of the girls in secondary schools in Kenya drop out of school each year as a result of teenage pregnancy. Findings of the Kenya Aids Indicator Survey of 2007 indicate that the HIV and STI prevalence rate is 7 for Rift Valley province, that is, 7 out of every 1000 people have HIV and STI. The drop-out rate for girls in Uasin Gishu district is 2.1% while that of boys’ stands at 2.4%, according to Uasin Gishu development plan 2002 -2007. This is attributed to factors such as HIV, STIs and teenage pregnancies among others. In response to the rising number of HIV, STIs and teenage pregnancies and the resultant dropout rates in schools, the Ministry of Education intended to introduce sex education in secondary schools in Kenya to create awareness on the consequences of sex abuse in order to reduce school dropout rate on teenage pregnancies and STIs related infections. Debates on introduction of Sex Education in schools rages on and a lot of studies have been done on the pros and cons of this. But the opinion of children has not been sought. However, the intentions of the ministry were not realized because religious groups opposed it. In African indigenous culture, children are not consulted in decision making, but according to the United Nations Convention of 1989, children have a right to access information, participate and take responsibility in the society. Hence, need to seek their views. Therefore, this study sought to find out the perception of secondary school students on the need for sex education in secondary schools in Eldoret municipality, Kenya. Perceptions are vital since they shape students behaviour and attitudes towards their sexuality as well as morality. The research design for this study was a cross sectional descriptive survey aimed at collecting qualitative and quantitative primary data from students on their perceptions on the need for sex education. This was done through structured questionnaires and focus group discussions. A sample of 325 students was obtained through stratified and simple random sampling. The findings of the study showed that 53% of the students perceived the need to introduce of Sex Education in schools and so the idea is perhaps worth revisiting. The researcher therefore concludes that many students’ perceptions’ towards introduction of sex education in secondary schools is positive. Article visualizations:

Girl-child education is very important for the overall development of a country. In Nigeria, most especially in the northern part, girls’ enrollment into secondary schools is usually low compared to boys. Girls who enroll end up dropping out for various reasons like teenage pregnancy and early marriage, religious factors, socio-economic factors and school related factors. The focus of this paper is to investigate the challenges of our girls in Abuja, Nigeria viewing some government secondary schools of Abuja (FCT). The descriptive survey method was adopted for this study, using a clustered sampling method and simple random sampling procedure. Questionnaires were used for gathering information from the respondents who were teachers of four government secondary schools. 240 teachers responded to the administered questionnaire out of 960 teachers in the schools. Data was analyzed using percentages and bar charts. The enrollment rate of girls and boys in the four government secondary schools are almost the same. The drop out rate among girls is very minimal from the result. Poverty and poor academic performance are the highest barriers and obstacles to enrollment and also reasons for drop out of girls in the school. Teenage pregnancy and early marriage as a barrier is very low in this part of Abuja. It is recommended that counselors should identify indigent students, those classes with high enrollment and high dropout rate and help negotiate some form of incentives such as food, uniforms, books, scholarships and remedial classes for them. Also sensitization of the government, community, teachers and students on girl-child education.

In this era of globalization, technological advancement, lust of achievement and the current problems in educational setup of our country, made the life of student cumbersome. Researches on academic stress, anxiety and adjustment have explored the basic academic pressure burdening the school going children and to identify flows in the educational systems.The students today would be the teachers tomorrow. They will be giving their country whatever, their country has given them. Students are the future handlers of a nation. What students learn today will be used and implemented tomorrow for the betterment of the country. They are the future educationalists, bankers, politicians, businessmen, doctors, engineers etc. Some of these students would be the policy makers in the country helping the government to make policies some would be scientists helping the country to innovate things.Stress is believed to be caused by the various problems that exist such as problems at school, financial problems, family problems and problems in their surroundings. Teenagers also experience stress because they are sometimes trapped between making decisions which is to follow rules and orders or to be free and discover the world like they should. Teenagers in earlier days were trained for things that were suitable with their age so that they can use it to manage their lives. But now, teenagers have to follow their parents' desire which is preparing them to compete in the social system where the society is scrambling towards modernization so that they are not left behind. If it is not managed well, stress can ignite psychological disturbances among them when they are grown up. These disturbances will cause stress to the teenagers in the future if they will not overcome now.Therefore, the role of the students can become important even before they jumped into the real world. A stressed, maladjusted, depressed student community can bring a bad name to the country and may eventually harm the process of development as investors would unsure of their future and they won't be able to help their country and its economy. So it is an urgent need of the present hour to measure the level of stress, anxiety and adjustment of the school students. The school management and parents can provide students a healthy environment so the students become stress free and well adjusted in environment and highly motivated.According to Aggrawal (2004), the adjustment of adolescent very much depends on the fulfillment of their significant specific needs that consist of physical needs, emotional needs, social needs, intellectual needs, moral needs and vocational needs. As mentioned earlier, students from English medium school tend to exhibit better emotional adjustment while their counterparts from rural schools display relatively better educational adjustment as they do experience stress from their teachers and parents regarding their academic performance. Studies by Sharma and Gakkar (1991) and Pradhan (1992) have obtained similar results.Sharma et al. (2011 ) parenting style has been found to predict the child's well being in various domains such as social competence, academic performance, psychological development, adjustment and problem behaviour. Hussain et al. (2008) in their study found that the level of overall adjustment of public school students was more poor then the government school students.Raju and Rahmatulla (2007) .Significant difference is observed between boys and girls on the financial and emotional factors of adjustment. On the financial adjustment dimension, girls have higher mean scores than the boys indicating that they have better financial adjustment. An examination of the individual items of the financial adjustment factor indicated that girl students as compared to boy students' feel their parents' fulfill their needs easily. This could be because parents of girl students tend to give more importance to the needs of their daughters. …

This paper analyzes the results of public schools in Madrid in the sixth grade assessment conducted in all regional centers by the Autonomous Community of Madrid in 2008. The large differences between different schools are discussed in light of the findings of the sociology of education on the relationship between economic and cultural level of families and attitudes to school, training and expectations for school performance. The hypothesis of a certain social segregation between public schools in Madrid that may explain these differences.

Objective To analyze the differences of the axial length of Mongolian and Han adolescents in different ages and different gender, and provide the basis for the prevention and treatment of myopia in Mongolian and Chinese two groups. Methods From March 2015 to June 2016, Ordos Mongolia by Erdos Ophthalmologic Hospital of Han nationality in the urban areas of non minority primary school, middle school and high school physical examination data. All of them underwent visual acuity, slit lamp biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy, screening out of the body and eyes no abnormalities of Mongolian and Han nationality students in two of 1321 cases (2642 eyes). Among them, there are 309 Mongolian students (618 eyes) and Han Chinese students (2024 eyes), aged from 6 to 18 years old. To measure the axial length of the eyes of the students who were screened. The Mongolian two group of adolescent students according to the different grades are divided into a primary school to the grade one to three, grade four to six, the junior middle school group, and the high school group. Using chi square test to compare the Mongolian two vision abnormal rate; the axial length of the eyes was normal distribution by One-Sample Kolmogrov-Smirnov test and expressed as mean±standard deviation; different grades and different gender groups of axial length were compared using independent samples t-test; the relationship between axial length changes with age growth using a linear regression analysis. Results Mongolian two teenagers vision abnormal rate showed that the Mongolian Students′ vision abnormal rate was 29.9%, the Han students′ vision abnormal rate was 41.2%, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=18.27, P 0.05). The length of the axial length was between (22.16±22.08)mm respectively. grade four to six, the junior middle school group, and the high school group of Mongolian students axial length were (23.08±0.08)mm, (23.35±0.10)mm and (23.75±0.03)mm; grade four to six, he junior middle school group, and the high school group of the Han were (23.28±0.04)mm, (23.70±0.03)mm and (24.14±0.01)mm. The axis of Mongolian students is shorter than that of Han Students, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.51, 2.51, 2.63; P 0.05). The axial length of girls and boys in the junior middle school group was (23.35±0.11)mm and (23.70±0.02)mm, respectively. The boys′ axial length was longer than that of girls, and the difference was statistically significant (t=2.52, P<0.05). The axial length of high school group girls and boys were (23.74±0.04)mm and (24.18±0.03)mm, respectively. The boys′ axial length was longer than that of girls, and the difference was statistically significant (t=2.58, P<0.05). Linear regression analysis was conducted between the Mongolian and Chinese two teenagers student′s age and axial, results showed that Mongolian adolescents age axial length had significant (r=0.964, P<0.05); the age of the students in adolescent years also has significant influence on the axis of (r=0.962, P<0.05), and the growth of Chinese students the amount of more than mongolian. Conclusions With the increase of age, young people entering the third grade (puberty), axial length of Mongolian students is lower than Han students; the axial length of Mongolian and Han group two adolescents with age were increased. There was no difference in the growth rate of male and female eye axis during the development of adolescent eye. Key words: Eye axis; Race; Refractive errors; Biological measurement; Age; Gender

The development of science, technology, and arts, as well as the development and social changes of a community, is so rapid. Thus, the challenge of the future education is not easy. Education is a cultural strategy and is not merely a conscious effort. As an educational institution, High School (SMA) has a very strategic role to restore education to the spirit and identity of Indonesia. The principal has a very important role to play in his/her vision and mission, and the school's organizational culture is an essential component of success in his/her leadership. The organizational culture-based “among” system leadership model is considered appropriate to be implemented by the principal. Therefore, it is necessary to further observe the leadership model and value system that is the organizational culture in the school. In general, this study aimed to describe the organizational culture-based “among” system leadership model in five public and private multicultural high schools, and those which are religiously affiliated in the city of Yogyakarta. The five schools include SMA Negeri 3, Taman Madya Tamansiswa High School, SMA PIRI I (Islam), Christian BOPKRI I High School, and Catholic Marsudi Luhur High School, all of which are in Yogyakarta City. This study employed a qualitative approach with data from the natural background as the source of primary data. This study aims to know and simultaneously describe the leadership model of the organizational culture-based “among” system of the schools in Yogyakarta City. The study was designed as a multi-case study model. To be able to understand the meaning of such events and interactions, theoretical orientation and theoretical perspective with a phenomenological approach were employed. Based on the results of the documentary, observation, and interviews studies, this study shows differences between the five high schools although nuances to Indonesia is in fact still reflected in it. The differences can be interpreted as a diversity that is a reflection of the specificity and typicality of the schools concerned. Besides, it was found that the organizational culture was developed on the basis of local wisdom, nationalism, and Islamic faith. It is these factors that affect the leadership pattern of the principals in the schools. The fact shows that the leadership model implemented in the High Schools in Yogyakarta City dominantly refers to government regulation and or foundation one for the private schools; it also has a multicultural nuance based on the local or religious wisdom or a combination of both. It is implemented with the slogans of silih asih, asuh, and asah which are actually the essence of “among” system leadership model. Islamic schools need to go deeper into the wisdom of Rasulullah Muhammad S.A.W's leadership, known as prophetic leadership, to act as worship, to give priority to ministry, instead of asking to be served. The prominent Christian teaching is the spirit of loving that is based on service which needs a profound interpretation that love is giving rather than asking for services. Therefore, the organizational culture-based among system leadership model of the schools that refers to local, national, and religious wisdom is expected to produce an optimal and sustainable performance.

Despite the known benefits of physical activity, many American families remain inactive. In this study, researchers evaluated the relation between parental and adolescent levels of physical activity and television viewing. Researchers interviewed 900 ethnically diverse adolescent/parent pairs about exercise and TV viewing. Most of the 477 girls and 423 boys were in high school; …

Background: The timing of eruption of permanent teeth is of considerable importance to the dental health planning for diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic measures for children and teenagers. The purposes of this study were to determine timing of maxillary and mandibular permanent teeth emergence (except third molars) and to evaluate the effect nutritional status by anthropometric measures on the eruption time of permanent teeth, investigations had been done according to jaw and gender variations. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted among four to fifteen years old children and teenagers from kindergarten and schools in Basrah city in the south region of Iraq. The total sample composed of 1807 children and teenagers that were collected randomly from kindergartens, primary and secondary schools in Basrah city. The data were statistically analyzed by using probit model in order to compute the median 5th and 95th percentile range of emergence. Athropmetric measures of height and weight were used for the purpose of assessment of nutritional status. The indices include: Weight for age, Height for age and Weight for height; each was considered as in term of standard deviation score (Z – score) as primary indicator of underweight, stunting and wasting respectively. The statistical significance of differences in mean of a normally distributed variable (nutritional indices z score) between 2 groups was assessed by independent samples t-test. Results: The results showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the timing of maxillary and mandibular teeth emergence in girls and boys, with earlier emergence in girls , also the mandibular teeth emerge before their maxillary opposing teeth in both sexes except for premolars . The prevalence of malnutrition according to height for age, weight for age, and weight for height nutritional status indicators were found to be 7.4 %, 3.7 % and 1.5% respectively. The results showed that among well-nourished children and teenagers described by height for age nutritional status indicator, most teeth were significantly erupted earlier than stunted except the lateral incisor which erupted earlier in stunted boys than well-nourished boys but the difference was not significantly accepted. The greatest difference of median eruption age of permanent teeth between well -nourished and stunted found in girls in the second molar tooth. Conclusions: Records indicated that the Iraqi children exhibit variation in their times of permanent teeth emergence when compared with other studies, and among well-nourished children and teenaged described by height for age nutritional status indicator, most teeth were significantly erupted earlier than stunted children and teenagers.

Adherence to nutritional recommendations in vending machines at secondary schools in Madrid (Spain), 2014-2015

The rapid fertility declines and increases in contraceptive prevalence rates in the last decades in Latin America occurred concurrently with increases in teenage and unintended childbearing. The factors behind, as well as possible future demographic consequences of this unique pattern of fertility change are still poorly understood. This thesis advances knowledge of three aspects of reproductive behaviour in Latin America: dynamics of contraceptive use in relation to an unintended birth experience, educational disparities in motherhood-timing and possible future of cohort fertility. I explore an untapped potential of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Population Censuses for Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Brazil, and employ demographic and statistical modelling techniques that have not been previously fully exploited in the Latin American context. First, I show how the longitudinal DHS reproductive “calendars” can be analysed using event-history models to advance the understanding of contraceptive choices of women who experience unintended pregnancies in Colombia and Peru. The study uncovers the importance of considering patterns of both pre- and after-birth contraceptive behaviour to inform the organization of postpartum family planning programmes in both countries. Second, using census data, I provide the first estimates of cohort first-birth age-specific schedules disaggregated by education level for Ecuador, Colombia and Peru. I document vastly increasing educational disparities in motherhood-timing during the fertility transition and discuss the potential factors behind this process. The analyses uncover a drastic increase in teenage fertility among women who drop-out of secondary school, indicating a need for an intervention. Lastly, using indirectly reconstructed fertility rates from censuses, cohort fertility is forecasted for total population and by education in Brazil. The study shows how a Bayesian model for fertility forecasting can be applied in the Latin American context where the childbearing pattern has been distinct from other world regions and where there is a scarcity of time-series of fertility rates. The study reveals the evolution of educational differences in completed fertility and shows that emerging low period fertility levels in Brazil might not necessarily correspond to women’s equally low lifetime fertility in the future. Overall, the substantive findings improve the understanding of the reproductive behaviour disparities in Latin America and serve as inputs for the design of policies to alleviate them. The novel use of data and application of methods are important for the development of future research agendas on fertility change and for the collection of fertility data in the region.

To identify and relate body fat percentage (skin fold measures), body mass index (BMI) and age at menarcheto aerobic capacity using the indirect VO₂ maximum value (VO₂ max) of girls in the second cycle of primary school. A total of 197 girls aged 13.0 ± 1.2 years on average, students from two public schools in the city of Atibaia in São Paulo, were evaluated. Anthropometric evaluation of skin folds was performed using the Slaughter protocol for teenage girls, and BMI (kg/m²) was based on "Z score" (graphic of percentile) according to WHO recommendations. The Léger protocol was used to determine VO₂ max. Pearson linear regression and the Student t-test were used for statistical analysis. 22.3% of the girls were overweight and 3.5% were obese according to the classification proposed by the WHO; 140 (71.1%) girls reported menarche. The average age at menarche was 12.0 ± 1.0 years and was significantly higher in the group with normal BMI (12.2 ± 0.9 years) than in the overweight or obese groups (11.6 ± 1.0 years). The average indirect VO₂ max value was 39.6 ± 3.7 mL/kg/min, ranging from 30.3 to 50.5 mL/kg/min. The advance of chronological age and early age at menarche were positively correlated with lower VO₂ max values. This study showed that 25.8% of the girls had aBMI value above WHO recommendations. Girls with higher BMI and higher body fat percentage had lower VO₂ max. The earlier age at menarche and the advance of chronological age were the most important factors for the reduction of aerobic capacity. The ageat menarche was higher in girls with adequate BMI compared tooverweight or obese girls.