Abstract
The current context of global efforts in the pursuit of sustainable development can be characterized by the perception of the scientific-technological losses of ecosystems and ecosystem services and their consequences for the survival of humanity in the face of threats of imbalances in the basic conditions for survival such as food production, the environmental quality, natural control of pests and diseases, loses of biodiversity and climate changes. Some recent initiatives at global, regional and local level are pointed and some conceptual trends and deployment strategies advance towards the consolidation of the principles of sustainable development, despite several difficulties for effectively reaching its goals. The trend of gradual changes in the models of developing nations and in the patterns of production and consumption is portrayed objectively, seeking to correlate with principles of environmental economics and green economy, since Cecil Pigou and Stuart Mill principles to recent researches as Kenneth Boulding, Herman Daly, Nicholas Georgescu-Rogen, Franz Capra, Ignacy Sachs, Edgar Morin, beyond others. The ability of the United Nations and governments to intervene in neoliberal logic aiming wider benefit to society and the reduction of the negative effects of market distortions, as striking on the global stage, represents a true redemption of the principles advocated by Cecil Pigou, at the beginning of the last century, both for the global economy and for their effects on environmental and social conflicts, social exclusion resulting from the current economic systems which are not necessary new strategies, principles, or economic formulas, but decision making to tackle the market with seriousness to promote equity, social justice and environmental sustainability, without sacrificing progress and development, as evident in the current discussion of social inclusion and the convergence of individual and collective interests, so far in the development model based on increasing production and consumption, yet with little environmental responsibility.
Highlights
Principles of Environmental Economics, Green Economy, Sustainable Development, Productions and Consumption Patterns, Environmental Services, Anthropogenic Footprint
The report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) defined environmental service as “the benefits people obtain from ecosystems” and which can be analyzed under the following main aspects or categories: provisioning services such as food, water, wood, regulating services, such as those that affect climate, floods, disease and water quality, cultural services linked to recreational benefits, aesthetic and spiritual, and support services, which include soil formation, photosynthesis and nutrient recycling (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) [1]
The result materialized into eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be achieved by 2015 (Millennium Declaration), which are: poverty reduction, universal primary education, gender equality and empower women; reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability and the establishment of a global partnership for development
Summary
The question of altruism in the context of sustainability has been taken up in various ways such as Edgar Morin, French sociologist, president of the Institut International de Recherche Politique of Civilisation (IIRPC), to deliver the lecture “La tierreestinquiet” during the Rio + 20, in June 2011, the eradication of poverty through the redemption of a value that needs to be awakened in humans—solidarity. Poverty eradication is shown, according to Morin, a major challenge to achieve sustainable development, reaffirming that you can not isolate the ecological question of the social question, since poverty is a global problem. You need to adopt policies to combat social exclusion and achieve integrated and solidarity of nations that focus on financial speculation to the detriment of the primary function of the State, which is to ensure the basic rights of the population, which, according to Morin, requires greater participation and full citizenship. For Morin, participation in decision-making nations should adopt models of education to teach children to be more understanding of others and understand the meaning of the value of knowledge to address issues imposed. Foladori (1999) [25] adds that there is concrete evidence that there is no possibility of revising the social injustices nor wear while environmental relations are governed by the free market economy
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