Abstract
Seven thousand five hundred fifty-six (7556) haplotypes of 46 subclades in 17 major haplogroups were considered in terms of their base (ancestral) haplotypes and timespans to their common ancestors, for the purposes of designing of time-balanced haplogroup tree. It was found that African haplogroup A (originated 132,000 ± 12,000 years before present) is very remote time-wise from all other haplogroups, which have a separate common ancestor, named β-haplogroup, and originated 64,000 ± 6000 ybp. It includes a family of Europeoid (Caucasoid) haplogroups from F through T that originated 58,000 ± 5000 ybp. A downstream common ancestor for haplogroup A and β-haplogroup, coined the α-haplogroup emerged 160,000 ± 12,000 ybp. A territorial origin of haplogroups α- and β-remains unknown; however, the most likely origin for each of them is a vast triangle stretched from Central Europe in the west through the Russian Plain to the east and to Levant to the south. Haplogroup B is descended from β-haplogroup (and not from haplogroup A, from which it is very distant, and separated by as much as 123,000 years of “lat- eral” mutational evolution) likely migrated to Africa after 46,000 ybp. The finding that the Europeoid haplogroups did not descend from “African” haplogroups A or B is supported by the fact that bearers of the Europeoid haplogroups, as well as all non-African haplogroups do not carry either SNPs M91, P97, M31, P82, M23, M114, P262, M32, M59, P289, P291, P102, M13, M171, M118 (haplogroup A and its subclades SNPs) or M60, M181, P90 (haplogroup B), as it was shown recently in “Walk through Y” FTDNA Project (the reference is incorporated therein) on several hundred people from various haplogroups.
Highlights
This study concerns the origin of anatomically modern humans, which presumably belong to Y chromosomal haplogroups A through T according to the classification developed in human genetics and DNA phylogeny of man
The principal difference of our approach from those known in human genetics is that our methodology is based on the identification of branches of haplotypes in each haplogroup and its subclade, and, in each case, is calculated a timespan from a common ancestor of the branch by verifying that the branch is derived from one common ancestor and by using the criteria described in (Klyosov, 2009a; Rozhanskii & Klyosov, 2011; Rozhanskii, 2011)
We have found that a great diversity of Y chromosomal haplotypes in Africa is a result of the mixing of
Summary
This study concerns the origin of anatomically modern humans, which presumably belong to Y chromosomal haplogroups A through T according to the classification developed in human genetics and DNA phylogeny of man. It was calculated that the common ancestors of the branches lived 5500, 5000, 600 years before present (ybp), and the last one is an individual haplotype. Base haplotypes of the A1a and A3b2 subclades (see Figure 2) differ by 25 mutations in all 22 markers, which places their common ancestor at 4167 → 8576 conditional generations, that is 112,000 ybp.
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