Reduction of the reinforcing effectiveness of cocaine by continuous d-amphetamine treatment in rats: importance of active self-administration during treatment period

Abstract

Continuous administration of D-amphetamine has shown promise as a treatment for psychostimulant addiction. In rodent studies, constant infusion of D-amphetamine (5mg/kg/day) has been shown to reduce cocaine-reinforced responding in the dose range of 0.19-0.75mg/kg/inf. The present study tested whether these effects were a reflection of pharmacological interactions between D-amphetamine and cocaine or if they resulted from associative learning mechanisms After stable progressive ratio (PR) baselines were established, rats were implanted with subcutaneous osmotic minipumps filled with either D-amphetamine (5mg/kg/day-groups 1 and 2) or saline (group 3). During the treatment period, groups 1 and 3 self-administered cocaine at a dose that was previously shown to produce the most robust effects in combination with D-amphetamine treatment (0.19mg/kg/inf), while group 2 received passive cocaine infusions. In replication of previous studies, D-amphetamine treatment resulted in a significant (35%) decrease in breakpoints relative to saline controls. By contrast, no reductions in breakpoints were observed in animals that received passive cocaine infusions during the treatment period (group 2). Active self-administration of cocaine during the treatment period appears to be an important factor in reducing cocaine-reinforced breakpoints. These findings suggest learning mechanisms are involved in the therapeutic effects of continuous D-amphetamine, and pharmacological interaction mechanisms such as cross-tolerance cannot completely account for the observed decreases in cocaine seeking.