Abstract
The problem of the optimal siting and placement of static compensates (STATCOMs) in power systems is addressed in this paper from an exact mathematical optimization point of view. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming model to present the problem was developed with the aim of minimizing the annual operating costs of the power system, which is the sum of the costs of the energy losses and of the installation of the STATCOMs. The optimization model has constraints regarding the active and reactive power balance equations and those associated with the devices’ capabilities, among others. To characterize the electrical behavior of the power system, different load profiles such as residential, industrial, and commercial are considered for a period of 24 h of operation. The solution of the proposed model is reached with the general algebraic modeling system optimization package. The numerical results indicate the positive effect of the dynamic reactive power injections in the power systems on annual operating cost reduction. A Pareto front was built to present the multi-objective behavior of the studied problem when compared to investment and operative costs. The complete numerical validations are made in the IEEE 24-, IEEE 33-, and IEEE 69-bus systems, respectively.
Highlights
Electricity is considered around the world as a public and essential service, which has the potential to improve the quality of life of millions [1,2]; in addition, this service has driven the economic and industrial development from the end of the nineteenth century to the current times
Numerical Results As part of the computational validation of the proposed optimization model for siting and sizing STATCOMs in power systems, we implemented the exact MINLP model in the general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) software with the BONMIN solver using a PC with an AMD Ryzen 7 3700 2.3 GHz processor and 16.0 GB RAM, running on a 64-bit version of Microsoft Windows 10 (Single Language)
The base case for this simulation case corresponds to an annual operative cost of US $142,649.30 when no STATCOMs are installed in the distribution grid; when the MINLP model defined in Equations (1)–(7) is solved with the BONMIN solver in the GAMS optimization package, the nodes where the STATCOMs are installed correspond to 14, 30, and 32, with nominal rates of 0.2509, 0.5699, and 0.1656 MVAr, respectively
Summary
Electricity is considered around the world as a public and essential service, which has the potential to improve the quality of life of millions [1,2]; in addition, this service has driven the economic and industrial development from the end of the nineteenth century to the current times. Electricity service includes four main sub-systems: (i) generation; (ii) transmission and sub-transmission; (iii) distribution; and (iv) commercialization [3] All of these components are essential for transferring electricity from power plants to end-users [4,5]. Two important worldwide issues correspond to the harmful effects of thermal generation on the atmosphere and the efficiency of the entire system The former problem of modern power systems can be solved with the inclusion of renewable energy resources, mainly from photovoltaic and wind generation plants, which are mature generation technologies [6] and can help with the continuous replacement of fossil fuels in conventional thermal systems. In the Colombian context, the amount of power losses in the power system (lines with voltages ≥ 220 kV) is between 1.5% and 2.0% of the energy generated, which implies that, for a peak load scenario, the total power loss oscillates between 141 and 188 MW [8]
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