Abstract
Coal ash is the residue that is produced during coal combustion for instance fly ash, bottom ash or boiler slag which was primarily produced from the combustion of coal. With growth in coal burning power station, huge amount of coal bottom ash (CBA) considered as hazardous material which are normally disposed in an on-site disposal system without any commercialization purpose. Previous researchers have studied the extraction of silica from agricultural wastes such as palm ash and rice husk ash (RHA) and CBA by using leaching treatment method. In this study, the weaker acid, citric acid solution was used to replace the strong acid in leaching treatment process. Result showed that the heavy metal content such as Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb) can be decrease. Meanwhile the silica can be extracted up to 44% from coal bottom ash using citric acid leaching treatment under the optimum reaction time of 60 minutes with solution temperature of 60°C and concentration of citric acid more than 2%.
Highlights
Coal bottom ash has a potential to be used in industry
Citric acid seems to be as a good alternative to substitute strong acid in leaching process since citric acid reacted as an organic acid which it has less hazardous effect compared to the stronger acid usage
Temperature, time and selection of solvent acted as an important parameter that was considerate in leaching process. 4.1 The effect of solution temperature Table 2 shows the chemical composition of coal bottom ash after leaching treatment was done under different solution temperature
Summary
The physical and chemical properties of CBA shows that it could be used as a possible applications including as cement replacement, ceramic products and construction materials [1,2,3]. Previous researchers have proved the existence of silica as a major compound and heavy metal impurities in coal bottom ash [4,5] and there is a possibility to extract silica from coal bottom ash and at the same time reducing the heavy metal element in coal bottom ash. Silica naturally occurred as quartz, sand or flint. It can exist either in gel, crystalline or amorphous forms. It is the most abundant material on the earth’s crust. Extraction process was used to produce silica from quartz or sand Sodium silicate, the precursor for silica production is currently manufactured by smelting quartz sand with sodium carbonate at 13000C [6]
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