Reducing cost of transport in asymmetrical gaits: lessons from unilateral skipping.

Abstract

Unilateral skipping is an asymmetrical gait only exceptionally used by humans, due to high energetic demands. In skipping, the cost of transport decreases as speed increases, and the spring-mass model coexists with the vaulting pendular one. However, the mechanisms of energy transfers and recovery between the vaulting and the bouncing steps are still unclear in this gait. The objective of this work is to study how spatiotemporal and spring-mass asymmetries impact on metabolic cost, lowering it despite speed augmentation. Kinematics and metabolic rates of healthy subjects were measured during running and skipping on a treadmill at controlled speeds. Metabolic power in skipping and running increased with similar slope but different intercepts. This fact determined the different behaviour of the cost of transport: constant in running, decreasing in skipping. In skipping the step time asymmetry remained constant, while the step length asymmetry decreased with speed, almost disappearing at 2.5m/s-1. Leg stiffness in trailing limb increased with higher slope than in leading limb and running; however, the relative leg stiffness asymmetry remained constant. Slow skipping presents short bouncing steps, even shorter than the vaulting, impacting the stride mechanics and the metabolic cost. Faster speeds were achieved by taking longer bouncing steps and a stiffer trailing limb, allowing to improve the effectiveness of the spring-mass mechanism. The step asymmetries' trends with respect to speed in skipping open the possibility to use this gait as an experimental paradigm to study mechanisms of metabolic cost reduction in locomotion.