Abstract
The transport sector is a major consumer of energy, and thus a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The introduction of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has helped in mitigating some of the energy demands presented by the transportation system, though the electrical energy still needs to be secured through conventional and renewable resources. Searching for a new power source for vehicles has become necessary, due to incentives and policy initiatives to counter fossil greenhouse gas emissions. This study provides a new efficient Photovoltaic (PV) powered transportation system, which may be utilized instead of traditional public transportation systems. The main idea is to transform the transportation systems used by large campuses into green systems by deploying educated scheduling approaches and utilizing existing renewable energy infrastructures. The German Jordan University (GJU) campus was chosen as a case study. The presented work describes a comprehensive methodology to exploit the full capacity of the existing PV power plant coupled with the rescheduling of the transportation fleet to meet the energy availability and consumption demand. The proposed technique audits the existing renewable energy power plants for optimum operation. The results validate the efficiency of the proposed system and its ability to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions compared to traditional transportation systems with an acceptable payback period.
Highlights
The World Bank Group database and the International Energy Agency (IEA) statistics show that the overall global energy consumption is continuously increasing [1,2]
Jordan is experiencing a large increase in consumption, which comprises an enormous quantity related to Jordan’s population, area, industry, and GDP. It was projected in the 2019 International Energy Outlook issued by the IEA [1] that the transportation sector’s energy consumption will increase by 1.4% annually, from 104 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) in 2012 to a forecasted 155 quadrillion Btu in 2040
The transportation demand is roughly flat in OECD regions—largely reflecting different expectations for economic growth in developing regions compared with developed regions
Summary
The World Bank Group database and the International Energy Agency (IEA) statistics show that the overall global energy consumption is continuously increasing [1,2]. - Transforming conventional transport systems into fully electric fleets with a demand totally covered by renewable energy sources to mitigate any additional stresses on the grid. A renewable energy-powered transportation system for a university campus with large fleet is proposed. Enhancing the power factor and maximizing the DC/AC ratio will partially cover the projected load demand of the electric bus fleet, and the remaining energy deficit is covered by expanding the PV system using a self-consumption solar PV system. Such a system will not increase the size the of the on-grid PV system. OTfhtehceotmotmalustyerstpeamidcotasrti,faf ccaonrbdeinegastiolytheestgimenaeteradlfaopllporwoaincgh tihnetthreanJosprdoarntaitainonmsacrhkeedtu. lTehperocopmosmeduftoer pthaeidflteaerti.ff can be estimated following the transportation schedule proposed for the fleet
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