Reduced graphene oxide–rose bengal hybrid film for improved ammonia detection with low humidity interference at room temperature

Abstract

Development of chemoresistive ammonia sensor that does not suffer with humidity interference is highly desirable for practical environmental monitoring systems. We report enhanced ammonia sensing using chemically reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and rose bengal (RB) nanocomposite fabricated in a very simple and cost effective manner. The RGO–RB nanocomposites were synthesized using three different concentrations (2 mg mL−1, 5 mg mL−1 and 10 mg mL−1) of RB keeping the RGO concentration same. Ammonia and humidity sensing of these three different composites were explored. Interestingly, it was observed that with increasing concentration of RB, the sensitivity of the sensor towards ammonia was increased but the sensitivity towards humidity was decreased. The response of the nanocomposites varied from ∼9–45% against 400−2800 ppm of ammonia whereas intrinsic RGO showed a response of merely 17% against 2800 ppm of ammonia. On the other hand the response of the nanocomposite based sensor was reduced from 18% to 7% against 100% relative humidity. Also, the sensor was found to be selective towards ammonia when tested against other toxic volatile organic compounds. The limit of detection of the RGO–RB based sensor was calculated to be as low as 0.9 ppm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy were carried out for the detailed structural characterizations of the sensing layer. These results are believed to be very useful for the cost effective fabrication of graphene based ammonia sensors which have reduced effects of humidity.