Abstract
BackgroundTitanium (Ti) has been utilized as hard tissue replacement owing to its superior mechanical and bioinert property, however, lack in tissue compatibility and biofunctionality has limited its clinical use. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is one of the graphene derivatives that possess extraordinary biofunctionality and are known to induce osseointegration in vitro and in vivo. In this study, rGO was uniformly coated by meniscus-dragging deposition (MDD) technique to fabricate rGO-Ti substrate for orthopedic and dental implant application.MethodsThe physicochemical characteristics of rGO-coated Ti (rGO-Ti) substrates were evaluated by atomic force microscopy, water contact angle, and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured on the rGO-Ti substrate, and then their cellular behaviors such as growth and osteogenic differentiation were determined by a cell counting kit-8 assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, and alizarin red S staining.ResultsrGO was coated uniformly on Ti substrates by MDD process, which allowed a decrease in the surface roughness and contact angle of Ti substrates. While rGO-Ti substrates significantly increased cell proliferation after 7 days of incubation, they significantly promoted ALP activity and matrix mineralization, which are early and late differentiation markers, respectively.ConclusionIt is suggested that rGO-Ti substrates can be effectively utilized as dental and orthopedic bone substitutes since these graphene derivatives have potent effects on stimulating the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs and showed superior bioactivity and osteogenic potential.
Highlights
Most tissues in the body regenerate over a lifetime, but damage beyond a recoverable range or certain tissues are often irreversibly damaged by internal or external factors such as traumatic injuries, cancers, bacterial or viral infection, and degenerative disease that leads to functional and cosmetic defects
The result indicated that Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-Ti substrates are more hydrophilic than intact Ti substrates
A previous study compared the water contact angle between graphene oxide (GO) and rGO, indicating GO is hydrophilic while rGO is very hydrophobic. rGO-coated Ti (rGO-Ti) substrates of our results are not very hydrophobic, which attribute to the highly smoothed surface morphology [50]
Summary
Most tissues in the body regenerate over a lifetime, but damage beyond a recoverable range or certain tissues are often irreversibly damaged by internal or external factors such as traumatic injuries, cancers, bacterial or viral infection, and degenerative disease that leads to functional and cosmetic defects. Developed artificial scaffolds aim to reproduce the physicochemical and mechanical property of natural ECM because the destiny of cells is highly affected by the surrounding microenvironment. Ti has no enough biofunctionality, leading to low interaction with original tissues, and inhibits the adsorption of proteins and cell adhesion To overcome this issue, surface coating and treatment have been introduced to change the composition, chemical reactivity, and morphology of the Ti surface while maintaining the suitable mechanical properties of Ti itself [15,16,17,18,19]. RGO was uniformly coated by meniscus-dragging deposition (MDD) technique to fabricate rGO-Ti substrate for orthopedic and dental implant application
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