Abstract
Polyoxalate (POx) and copolyoxalate (CPOx) smart polymers are topics of interest the field of inflammation. This is due to their drug delivery ability and their potential to target reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to accommodate small molecules such as curcumin, vanilline, and p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Their biocompatibility, ultra-size tunable characteristics and bioimaging features are remarkable. In this review we discuss the genesis and concept of oxylate smart polymer-based particles and a few innovative systemic delivery methods that is designed to counteract the inflammation and other aging-associated diseases (AADs). First, we introduce the ROS and its role in human physiology. Second, we discuss the polymers and methods of incorporating small molecule in oxalate backbone and its drug delivery application. Finally, we revealed some novel proof of concepts which were proven effective in disease models and discussed the challenges of oxylate polymers.
Highlights
Aging-associated disease (AAD) is an umbrella term that describes simple and complex pathological conditions which are only observed in people of advanced age in both male and female affecting one or more organs [1]
Hydroxybenzyl alcohol-incorporated copolyoxalate (HPOX), PVAX, and Poly(vanillin oxalate) (PVO) particle formulations hold the translational capability to be used in targeting ischemia, cardiovascular, and neurovascular drug delivery simultaneously and deliver therapeutic small molecule to the inflammatory site [51]
Polymeric prodrug has gained a considerable amount of interest as a naturally occurring phenolic compound incorporated in CPOx, an emerging avenue of prodrug mediated drug delivery
Summary
Aging-associated disease (AAD) is an umbrella term that describes simple and complex pathological conditions which are only observed in people of advanced age in both male and female affecting one or more organs [1]. Oxygen-containing molecules with an uneven number of electrons, the reactive oxygen species (ROS), are a highly reactive byproduct of the cell metabolism. With age the cell machinery loses its ability to compensate the free radicals of the ROS and antioxidant balance leading to oxidative stress [2]. Impaired reduction and oxidation (redox) balance causes oxidation of proteins, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and signal transduction pathway interference by ROS. To mitigate the effect of these harmful ROS, the approach was to use small molecules to scavenge and reduce free-radical formation. Redox responsive oxalate smart polymers are remarkable because of their ability to incorporate small molecules, target ROS, their biocompatibility and ultra-size tunable characteristics, as well as their ability to generate nano bubble.
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