Abstract
This paper presents a literature review about the concept of redox flow batteries and its automation and monitoring. Specifically, it is focused on the presentation of all-vanadium redox flow batteries which have several benefits, compared with other existing technologies and methods for energy stored purposes. The main aspects that are reviewed in this work correspond to the characterization, modeling, supervision and control of the vanadium redox flow batteries. A research is presented where redox flow batteries are contextualized in the current energy situation, compared with other types of energy storage systems. Furthermore, a presentation about the current challenges on research, and the main existing installations is view. A discussion about the main dynamic models that have been proposed during last years, as well as the different control strategies and observers, is presented.
Highlights
It is well-known that we are currently living a situation of environmental crisis
As for electric large-scale energy storage system (ESS), the most common is the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system [19], which is based on the use of electro-magnetic energy, and the electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) which directly uses electric energy
This paper has introduced the concept of redox flow batteries, contextualizing them within the current energy situation and comparing them with other type of energy storage systems
Summary
It is well-known that we are currently living a situation of environmental crisis. This environmental crisis is linked to the need to obtain the necessary energy for society. The use of renewable energy sources (RES) to produce energy is growing significantly [5] Most of these RES (wind, solar and marine) are usually discontinuous, due to their dependency on the weather conditions. PHES systems are the largest-capacity form of grid energy storage available, being in 2017 the type of active installations with the highest capacity with more than 184 GW worldwide, which represented 95% of all active tracked storage installations [14]. As disadvantages, both PHES and CAES require stable geological structures, which substantially limit the use of this type of systems [15]. CAES has the drawback that its energy efficiency is less than 70% [16], even reaching values below 45% [17,18]
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