Redefining gender roles: women in South Asia's Jihadist Movements

Abstract

ABSTRACT South Asia has witnessed a surge in jihadist activity, with Al-Qaeda (AQ) and the Islamic State (IS) making significant inroads into the region. Their presence has reshaped terrorism dynamics, notably by involving women in jihadism. AQ and IS have leveraged social media to attract both male and female recruits, with a particular focus on the latter. Through a thematic network analysis of online magazines like Azan, Resurgence, Dabiq, Rumiyah, Inspire, and Al Balagh, this article explores the evolving roles that AQ and IS offer to women. It argues that the emphasis on individual obligation of jihad through online propaganda has not only increased women's participation in jihad, but has also redefined their roles in South Asian jihadism. The changing roles of women in jihadism in South Asia encompass a range of activities, including suicide bombers, propagandists, planners, plotters, recruiters, matchmakers, facilitators, and fundraisers. Notably, IS offers a wider array of dynamic roles for women compared to its competitor, AQ. This article highlights the shift in the roles of women in South Asian jihadism due to the online propaganda efforts of AQ and IS, which have expanded the opportunities for women to participate in various capacities within these extremist groups.