Abstract
The prevalence of oral tumor has exponentially increased in recent years; however, the effective therapies or prevention strategies are not sufficient. Red mold rice is a traditional Chinese food, and several reports have demonstrated that red mold rice had an anti-tumor effect. However, the possible anti-tumor mechanisms of the red mold rice are unclear. In this study, we examined the anti-tumor effect of red mold rice on 7,12-dimethyl-1,2-benz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral tumor in hamster. The ethanol extract of red mold rice (RMRE) treatment significantly decreases the levels of DMBA-induced reactive oxygen species, nitro oxide and prostaglandin E2 than those of the lovastatin-treated group (P < .001). Moreover, RMRE decreases the formation of oral tumor induced by DMBA. Monacolin K, monascin, ankaflavin or other red mold rice metabolites had been reported to decrease inflammation and oxidative stress and exerted anti-tumor effects. Therefore, we evaluated the anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress effects of monacolin K, monascin, ankaflavin and citrinin in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 cells. We found that RMRE reduced the LPS-induced nitrite levels in RAW264.7 cells better than monacolin K, monascin, ankaflavin or citrinin (P < .05).
Highlights
The incidence and mortality rates of head and neck tumor have been increasing in recent years, especially oral tumor [1]
We investigated the ability of the ethanol extract of red mold rice (RMRE) in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch squamous-cell carcinogenesis and we clarified the possible anti-tumor effect of RMRE
Cancer patients are exposed to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) ranging from health supplements to traditional forms of medicine like traditional Chinese medicine
Summary
The incidence and mortality rates of head and neck tumor have been increasing in recent years, especially oral tumor [1]. Monacolins, a group of 3-hydroxzy-3-methyglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors with characteristics identical to those of statins, are the functional ingredients of red mold rice with hypolipidemic ability [5, 6]. It has been suggested that DMBA, on metabolic activation, induces cancer through an oxidative mediated genotoxicity by incorporating diolepoxide and other ROS into DNA [16]. The DMBA-induced buccal-pouch mucosa carcinogenesis in hamster is one of the most extensively used models for oral carcinogenesis investigation since it has many morphological. We investigated the ability of the ethanol extract of red mold rice (RMRE) in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch squamous-cell carcinogenesis and we clarified the possible anti-tumor effect of RMRE
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