Abstract
The rapid generation of electronic waste (e-waste) has become a global problem owing to its potential environmental pollution and human-health risk, especially from informal recycling in developing countries. In 2014, however, only ∼15.5% of the total global e-waste was formally treated by national take-back programs. Waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) are an integral part of e-waste, and they contain many valuable metal resources. Most recycling from waste PCBs has focused on metals like Au, platinum group metals, and Cu, which have high economic value, but tin also makes up a large proportion of the metal in waste PCBs. Over the past decade, ∼44% of the refined tin has been used as solder in the electronics industry each year. Although current global tin reserves can meet the short-term demand, for long-term sustainable development, recycling tin from secondary resources, especially from e-waste, is essential. For addressing the shortage of mineral resources and conserving energy, tin recycling from e-...
Published Version
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