Abstract
A fundamental contribution to the understanding of several physical processes influencing the galactic-cosmic-ray (GCR) variations can be given by proxy data of the past GCR flux obtained in terrestrial archives and meteorites which extend the range of the studies. The most prominent spatial and temporal GCR variations are of solar origin. The solar modulation affects the intensity of GCR, particularly below 1 GeV and, therefore, the isotopes production rates in the Earth's atmosphere, in planetary surfaces and in meteorites where the GCRs induce nuclear interactions. Measurements and analyses of cosmogenic radioisotopes in terrestrial archives like tree rings, ice cores and sediments are presented. Effects due to variations in the geomagnetic field, climatic changes and exchange within different terrestrial reservoirs which affect the isotopes deposition rates are also discussed. The study of cosmogenic radioisotopes in meteorites, which are exposed to GCR in the interplanetary space, has the advantage that the production of radioisotopes is not affected by terrestrial processes.
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