Reconstruction of Generalized Depth-3 Arithmetic Circuits with Bounded Top Fan-in

Abstract

In this paper we give reconstruction algorithms for depth-3 arithmetic circuits with $k$ multiplication gates (also known as $\Sigma\Pi\Sigma(k)$ circuits), where $k=O(1)$. Namely, we give an algorithm that when given a black box holding a $\Sigma\Pi\Sigma(k)$ circuit $C$ over a field $\F$ as input, makes queries to the black box (possibly over a polynomial sized extension field of $\F$) and outputs a circuit $C'$ computing the same polynomial as $C$. In particular we obtain the following results. 1) When $C$ is a multilinear $\Sigma\Pi\Sigma(k)$ circuit (i.e. each of its multiplication gates computes a multilinear polynomial) then our algorithm runs in polynomial time (when $k$ is a constant) and outputs a multilinear $\Sigma\Pi\Sigma(k)$ circuits computing the same polynomial. 2) In the general case, our algorithm runs in quasi-polynomial time and outputs a generalized depth-3 circuit (as defined in \cite{KarninShpilka08}) with $k$ multiplication gates. For example, the polynomials computed by generalized depth-3 circuits can be computed by quasi-polynomial sized depth-3 circuits. In fact, our algorithm works in the slightly more general case where the black box holds a generalized depth-3 circuits. Prior to this work there were reconstruction algorithms for several different models of bounded depth circuits: the well studied class of depth-2 arithmetic circuits (that compute sparse polynomials) and its close by model of depth-3 set-multilinear circuits. For the class of depth-3 circuits only the case of $k=2$ (i.e. $\Sigma\Pi\Sigma(2)$ circuits) was known. Our proof technique combines ideas from [Shpilka09] and [KarninShpilka08] with some new ideas. Our most notable new ideas are: We prove the existence of a unique canonical representation of depth-3 circuits. This enables us to work with a specific representation in mind. Another technical contribution is an isolation lemma for depth-3 circuits that enables us to reconstruct a single multiplication gate of the circuit.