Recommendation for the Design of Composite Covers which Protect the Chassis of a Rail Vehicle

Reliability‐based recommendations for EN1992 carbonation cover design of concrete with coarse recycled concrete aggregates

Revealing and optimizing the design of cover installation for outdoor units of air conditioners through CFD simulations and thermodynamic modeling

This paper deals with the problem of vertical oscillation of rail and road vehicles under symmetrical and asymmetrical loading and symmetrical and asymmetrical kinematic excitation. The term asymmetry is understood as the asymmetric distribution of vehicle mass and elastic and dissipative elements with respect to the axes of geometric symmetry, including asymmetric kinematic excitation. The various models used (spatial, planar, quarter-plane) are discussed and their analytical solutions are outlined. The theory of the spatial model is applied to the chassis of a model railway vehicle. The basic relations for the calculation of the equations of motion of this vehicle are given. In the next section, the experimental solution of a four-axle platform rail car is described and the measurements of vertical displacement and accelerations when crossing wedges (representing unevenness) are given.

The rationale for using peak, residual, or a combination of these shear strengths for the analysis of geosynthetic-lined slopes and design recommendations for landfill liner and cover systems is presented herein. Landfill liner systems using geosynthetics that contain sideslopes are recommended to be designed using the methodology presented by Stark and Poeppel: (1) assign residual shear strengths to the sideslopes and peak shear strengths to the base of the liner system and satisfy a factor of safety greater than 1.5; and also (2) assign residual strengths to the sideslopes and base of the liner system and satisfy a factor of safety greater than unity. The authors recommend that the stability of landfill cover systems be analysed using peak shear strengths with a factor of safety greater than 1.5 because of the absence of large detrimental shear displacement along the weakest interface. If, for some reason, the slope angle of the cover system exceeds the friction angle of the weakest interface, or large displacements such as construction-induced displacements or seismically induced displacements are expected, a residual shear strength with a factor of safety greater than unity should be used for the cover design. In both liner and cover designs a peak composite failure envelope that describes the weakest interface should be used to represent the peak shear strength, and the residual failure that corresponds to the peak composite failure envelope should be used instead of the lowest residual failure envelope.

To address the issue of cold chain interruptions during the ship transshipment of fresh fruits and vegetables, this study suggests using a phase change material (PCM)-based insulation cover to temporarily preserve fruits and vegetables. A simulation-based study was conducted to analyze the airflow characteristics in the inner space of the PCM-based insulation cover. At the same time, a comparative evaluation was conducted to determine the temperature uniformity of the insulation cover under different structures. Based on the results, recommendations for structural design were put forward to optimize the overall structure of the insulation cover. The findings indicate that using a configuration with top and side-mounted phase change panels can reduce the vertical temperature difference inside the insulation cover to approximately 2°C, thereby effectively ensuring the thermal uniformity inside the PCM-based insulation cover.

In response to the global demand for sustainable development in urban areas, there is an urgent need to enhance the ecological environment of urban areas. Urban renewal through sponge cities has become an effective method for achieving this goal. As one of the most dynamic elements in urban spaces, manhole covers play a crucial role in enhancing the city’s image. To facilitate urban redevelopment effectively, improve the functionality of urban manhole covers, and promote sustainable urban development, this study explores ecological design factors for urban manhole covers, providing recommendations for future designs in China. Grounded on existing literature research and the urban redevelopment planning of the central district in Maanshan City, the FAHP method was used to determine the weights of five indicators containing environmental esthetics, ecological sustainability, intelligent detection, intelligent interaction, and safety, and scientifically constructed the ecological design and evaluation index system of intelligent grass pot manhole cover. The weighted average algorithm was used to obtain the index priority ranking, and the most critical elements were selected for design and refinement. The evaluation results indicate that safety, ecological sustainability, and the enhancement of the ecological design of intelligent manhole covers show the most significant improvement. The research outcomes can be used as a reference for enhancing urban ecological environments, promoting urban regeneration, and advancing sponge city construction.

"The two most significant engineering steps required in developing a good quality vehicle is crash and structural analysis in the field of automobile design. Simulating the crashworthiness of the vehicle is a significant step to design automobiles of the present age and automotive industry has probably the widest application of such simulations. Crash simulation is a virtual representation of a destructive crash test of a vehicle and its components using computer-aided analysis software to examine the level of safety of the vehicle and its occupants by analysing the level and nature of impact stresses occurring in the component and the magnitude and nature of the deformation happening in the cosmponent during a crash situation. In the current study, a road cum rail vehicle is designed. The main purpose of the vehicle is to clean the rail track. Since the vehicle will be used on the live rail track so it is very important to know the dynamic behaviour of the vehicle during crash or impact. The dynamic behaviour of complete vehicle chassis with four rail wheel and for rubber wheel in contact with rails and moving at 60 km/hr is simulated under frontal crash. Further, 10g frontal impact and the 5g rear impact are also applied on the developed vehicle chassis at rest to investigate its dynamic behaviour"

Design optimisation of braided composite beams for lightweight rail structures using machine learning methods

The restitution coefficient value and damage of composite shields protecting the chassis of a rail vehicle

Interoperability between all subsystems of a rail network is a prerequisite for reliable and safe rail transport within and across national borders. The electrical compatibility of new railway vehicles with the existing power supply, signaling and vehicles, has more recently been found to be a major obstacle to reach this goal. Electrical System Compatibility for Advanced Rail Vehicles (ESCARV) is a RTD project cofinanced by the European Commission and the Swiss Government under the fourth Framework Program to identify main barriers and propose solutions. Railway manufacturers, operators, and research centers cooperate in ESCARV to establish a modeling framework of the complete railway system, enabling to predict and avoid interoperability problems before putting a system into operation, and to produce a set of design recommendations for new vehicles as well as input to new or updated European norms. In particular, the User Group Task Force was set to improve and ensure the dissemination of the ESCARV approach and results to a wide set of users (railway network and operator companies, and manufacturers not involved in the project partnership), establishing the ESCARV User Group. This paper shows the User Group objectives and introduces the Info Bank, the tool for sharing and achieving ESC knowledge.

This study proposes a data-driven framework for book cover design that integrates prediction, generation, and user validation to examine the feasibility of evidence-based design recommendations. A dataset of 11, 195 Amazon books was constructed, from which ten design elements (color, layout, typography, and object type) were extracted. Machine learning models were tested to predict ratings and daily reviews. XGBoost performed best for rating prediction, while fine-tuned BERT yielded the lowest error for reviews. To examine whether model-selected cover candidates would align with actual reader responses, we conducted an online user study. Participants evaluated the highest- and lowest-predicted candidates on purchase behavioral intention. ANOVA results showed that review-based candidates significantly influenced purchase intention, with higher predicted reviews eliciting stronger purchase intentions. This study makes three contributions: (1) a reader-response prediction model, (2) an integrated prediction-generation framework, and (3) empirical validation via a user study. Overall, review signals proved more reliable than ratings in explaining purchasing behavior, offering practical implications for publishers and broader applications in visual media.

Abstract. Recolonisation of soil by macrofauna (especially ants, termites and earthworms) in rehabilitated open-cut mine sites is inevitable and, in terms of habitat restoration and function, typically of great value. In these highly disturbed landscapes, soil invertebrates play a major role in soil development (macropore configuration, nutrient cycling, bioturbation, etc.) and can influence hydrological processes such as infiltration, seepage, runoff generation and soil erosion. Understanding and quantifying these ecosystem processes is important in rehabilitation design, establishment and subsequent management to ensure progress to the desired end goal, especially in waste cover systems designed to prevent water reaching and transporting underlying hazardous waste materials. However, the soil macrofauna is typically overlooked during hydrological modelling, possibly due to uncertainties on the extent of their influence, which can lead to failure of waste cover systems or rehabilitation activities. We propose that scientific experiments under controlled conditions and field trials on post-mining lands are required to quantify (i) macrofauna–soil structure interactions, (ii) functional dynamics of macrofauna taxa, and (iii) their effects on macrofauna and soil development over time. Such knowledge would provide crucial information for soil water models, which would increase confidence in mine waste cover design recommendations and eventually lead to higher likelihood of rehabilitation success of open-cut mining land.