Abstract

Recent advances in hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) have made it possible to measure electronic energy levels with resolution as high as 80 meV for photon energies extending to as high as 10 keV. For such high energy photoelectrons, the recoil momentum imparted to the atoms is no longer negligible, even though the momentum of the incident photon can safely be neglected. Here, the recoil effects in HAXPES of solids as well as gas-phase molecules are reviewed. It is shown that by comparison of the experimental data with quantum mechanical theories based on appropriate models of matter, information on the local environments of the emitter atoms in the material is obtained.

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