Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) accounts for the majority of complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections. The use of phytomolecules in the treatment of UTI is fast gaining attention. The current report identifies a multidrug-resistant strain (QSLUPEC7), which is a strong biofilm producer, among the considered clinical isolates. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity was evaluated for the phytomolecule, Type A procyanidin (TAP) from Cinnamomum zeylanicum against QSLUPEC7. TAP treatment did not affect the growth of the MDR strain but affected the biofilm formation (~70% inhibition). The confocal microscopic examination reveals the biofilm inhibition and the live cells in the biofilm corroborates the antimicrobial results. Further, the synergy studies of TAP and nitrofurantoin (NIT) were carried out at different pH. TAP acts synergistically with nitrofurantoin at different pH considered. A closer look in the results reveals that at pH 5.8, maximum growth inhibition is recorded. The gene expression analysis shows that TAP alone and in combination with NIT downregulates the major fimbriae adhesins of UPEC. The results conclude that the TAP has an antibiofilm activity against the multidrug-resistant strain of UPEC, without affecting the growth. Also, TAP reciprocally cooperates with nitrofurantoin at different pH by downregulating the adhesins of UPEC.
Highlights
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the collective term for pathogenic infections of the urinary tract, which are estimated to cost $5 billion annually (Tan and Chlebicki, 2016)
The current study explores the kinetics of synergistic action of the Type A procyanidin (TAP) and nitrofurantoin at different pH against MDR Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)
The stock concentration (1 mg/mL) of TAP was prepared in sterile distilled water and the stock concentration (50 mg/mL) of nitrofurantoin was prepared in DMSO according to CLSI guidelines
Summary
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the collective term for pathogenic infections of the urinary tract, which are estimated to cost $5 billion annually (Tan and Chlebicki, 2016). The opportunistic intracellular pathogen, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) accounts for the 80–85% of cases of UTIs. The armament of virulence factors, both structural and secreted, of UPEC directs the adhesion and invasion of UPEC to epithelial cells. The armament of virulence factors, both structural and secreted, of UPEC directs the adhesion and invasion of UPEC to epithelial cells These virulence factors, along with the biofilm formation, facilitates UPEC growth, persistence in extreme pH variation, and toxin secretion (Flores-Mireles et al, 2015). PH affects the growth of the uropathogens and The therapeutic response of the current treatments is affected by both high urinary concentrations and urinary pH (Cunha, 2016). pH affects the growth of the uropathogens and
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