Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained heart rhythm disturbance encountered in clinical practice, associated with great morbidity and mortality in the population. Therapeutic approaches to AF including pharmacological treatment and catheter ablation have limited efficacy and potential adverse effects. Our understanding of AF pathophysiology has advanced significantly over the past few decades. Ectopic firing and reentry can promote and maintain AF, and both were related to atrial electrical and structural remodeling.
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