Abstract
Soil metal contamination in recreational shooting ranges represents a widespread environmental problem. Lead (Pb) is the primary component of traditional ammunition, followed by metalloids such as antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As). Lead-based bullets and pellets deposited on the soil surface are subject to steady weathering; hence, metal(loid)s are released and accumulated in the underlying soil, with potential adverse consequences for ecosystem function and human health. Amongst the currently available environmentally-safe technologies for the remediation of metal-contaminated soils, chemical immobilization is recognized as the most practical and cost-effective one. This technology often uses inorganic and organic amendments to reduce metal mobility, bioavailability and toxicity (environmental benefits). Likewise, amendments may also promote and speed up the re-establishment of vegetation on metal-affected soils, thus facilitating the conversion of abandoned shooting ranges into public green spaces (social benefit). In line with this, the circular economy paradigm calls for a more sustainable waste management, for instance, by recycling and reusing by-products and wastes in an attempt to reduce the demand for raw materials (economic benefit). The objective of this manuscript is to present a state-of-the-art review of the different industrial and agro-food by-products and wastes used for the remediation of metal-contaminated shooting range soils.
Highlights
The purpose of the present paper is to provide an overview of recent industrial and agro-food by-products and wastes that are being used as amendments for the remediation of problem. Lead (Pb)-contaminated shooting range soils, within the context of the circular economy paradigm
Busan Metropolitan City (Korea) using calcined oyster shells mixed with bone meal or fly ash as amendments. These authors tested the effectiveness of the stabilization process according to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure using the 0.1 M HCl extraction method and observed a drastic reduction of Pb (98%) and Cu (96%) leaching when soils were treated with calcined oyster shell, whether it was mixed with bone meal (5% each on a weight basis) or with fly ash (10% and 5%, respectively)
Our findings indicate that a 5% BC and bone meal (BM) application rate is appropriate for Pb immobilization in shooting range soil
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The purpose of the present paper is to provide an overview of recent industrial and agro-food by-products and wastes that are being used as amendments for the remediation of Pb-contaminated shooting range soils, within the context of the circular economy paradigm. Likewise, it aims to assist decision-makers involved in the remediation of contaminated shooting ranges according to circular economy values. As an example, an experiment focused on the use of agro-food by-products and wastes as amendments for the remediation of a Pb-contaminated shooting range soil is presented. The main objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of such amendments in terms of the reduction of soil extractable Pb under both laboratory and field conditions
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