Abstract
AbstractThe variability of the westerly jet stream and storm track is crucial for summer weather and climate in the North Atlantic/European region. Observations for recent decades show notable trends in the summer jet from 1970s to 2010s, characterized by an equatorward migration over the North Atlantic accompanied by a poleward migration and weakening of the Mediterranean jet over Europe. These changes in atmospheric circulation were associated with more cyclonic storms traveling across the UK into northern Europe, and fewer over the Mediterranean, leading to wet summers in northern Europe and dry summers in southern Europe.In this study we investigate the potential drivers and processes that may have been responsible for the observed changes in summer atmospheric circulation, with a particular focus on the role of anthropogenic aerosols (AA). We conduct attribution experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) forced with observed changes in sea surface temperatures/sea ice extent (SST/SIE), greenhouse gas concentrations and AA precursor emissions. Comparison between the model results and observations strongly suggests that fast responses to AA changes were likely the primary driver of the observed poleward migration and weakening of the Mediterranean jet, with changes in SST/SIE playing a secondary role. The simulated response shows good agreement with the observed changes in both magnitude and vertical structure, which suggests that common mechanisms - involving aerosol-radiation and aerosol-cloud interactions - are responsible. By contrast, changes in the North Atlantic jet are influenced in the model experiments by changes in both Atlantic SST/SIE (which may themselves have been influenced by changes in AA) and fast responses to AA. In this case, however, there are significant differences between the model response and the observed changes; we argue these differences may be explained by biases in the model climatology.
Highlights
Atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic region exhibits variability on a wide range of time scales, and exerts a major influence on the geographical distribution of precipitation and temperature over the North Atlantic Ocean and surrounding continents in both winter and summer
These changes in atmospheric circulation were associated with more cyclonic storms traveling across the United Kingdom into northern Europe, and fewer over the Mediterranean, leading to wet summers in northern Europe and dry summers in southern Europe. d Comparison between the model results and the observed changes strongly suggests that anthropogenic aerosol forcing, through fast atmospheric and land surface responses, was likely the primary driver of the observed changes in the Mediterranean jet
Simulation diagnostics suggest that aerosol–radiation and aerosol–cloud interactions led to changes in surface shortwave radiation and land surface temperatures which forced the changes in the atmospheric circulation
Summary
Atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic region exhibits variability on a wide range of time scales, and exerts a major influence on the geographical distribution of precipitation and temperature over the North Atlantic Ocean and surrounding continents in both winter and summer. Recent studies have shown that year-to-year fluctuations in the atmospheric circulation in summer can lead to extreme climate conditions over Europe (Baldi et al 2006; Blackburn et al 2008; Dong et al 2013a,b; Ossó et al 2018). Summer 2007 in the United Kingdom was very wet, with record rainfall and flooding associated with a distinctive westerly jet Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access
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