Recent trends in bovine reproductive biotechnologies.

Abstract

Abstract The establishment of non-invasive and low-cost reproductive techniques are key interest currently. Although, numerous reproductive techniques have been invented during the last few decades, the procedures adopted require further refinement Artificial insemination is a unique and simple reproductive technique offering substantial and rapid genetic transfer. Use of fresh semen has given good results, but success and reach of frozen semen technology is controversial in developing countries. Optimal use of sexed semen requires precise accuracy in ovulation to obtain satisfactory pregnancy rates. Further modification of the sperm sorter technique is necessary to obtain the maximum number of sexed sperm within a limited time. Embryo transfer technology has been well developed for dairy animals, but currently the main focus is on in-vitro embryo production. Its importance is further magnified for animals with good genetics and species near to extinction. Although cloning has been successfully carried out in many species, its cost, neonatal abnormalities and ethical use require further discussion. Transgenesis and stem cells have revolutionized the world through the production of transgenic animals and disease management through mesenchymal stem cells. These technologies are the advanced reproductive technologies which need further research, especially in bovines. In conclusion, modern reproductive techniques are a basic requirement of a modern dairy farming system but their use must be rationalized in an ethical and cost-effective manner.