Abstract
Natural polymers are revolutionizing current pharmaceutical dosage forms design as excipient and gained huge importance because of significant influence in formulation development and drug delivery. Oral health refers to the health of the teeth, gums, and the entire oral-facial system that allows us to smile, speak, and chew. Since years, biopolymers stand out due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and stability. Polysaccharides such as cellulose and their derivatives possess properties like novel mechanical robustness and hydrophilicity that can be easily fabricated into controlled-release dosage forms. Cellulose attracts the dosage design attention because of constant drug release rate from the precursor nanoparticles. This review discusses the origin, extraction, preparation of cellulose derivatives and their use in formulation development of nanoparticles having multidisciplinary applications as pharmaceutical excipient and in drug delivery, as bacterial and plant cellulose have great potential for application in the biomedical area, including dentistry, protein and peptide delivery, colorectal cancer treatment, and in 3D printable dosage forms.
Highlights
Cellulose (C6H10O) is a polysaccharide; a carbohydrate polymer contains hundreds to millions of individual sugar molecules, or the so-called anhydrous-D-glucopyranose units (AGU) linked together via glucosidic linkages
Cellulose acetate and Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are extracted from sugarcane straw; the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained within the raw cotton of ochlospermum planchonii; microfibrillated celluloses (MFCs), obtained from different yields of wood pulps; nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), is extracted from pulp of wood yet manufactured by making water dispersions of NFC
Eschel et al [101] utilized different polymers, i.e., Hydroxyl Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC), Carbopol 974P, or polycarbophil, to produce hydrocortisone acetate loaded mucoadhesive tablets for managing oral mucosal lesions. Another bioadhesive tablets were developed by Kamel et al using a mixture of Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and carbomer, such tablets adhered to the gingiva, and provided a prolonged effect of the citrus oil incorporated in them, which was used in treating aphthae [102]
Summary
Cellulose (C6H10O) is a polysaccharide; a carbohydrate polymer contains hundreds to millions of individual sugar molecules, or the so-called anhydrous-D-glucopyranose units (AGU) linked together via glucosidic linkages It is a major component present in the plant cell wall, and often used as fiber in human diet [1,2]. Cellulose and its components are partially or water insoluble and even in most organic solvents; this poor solubility is primarily due to the stronger intra-molecular and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds that are present between the branched or individual chains [4], cellulose derivatives are soluble in cold water (Wilpiszewska et al, 2020) It is characterized by being odorless and tasteless (Zainal et al, 2020). Chemical modification of cellulose has led to the production of nanocrystal cellulose (NCC) cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and a number of othe cellulose thermoplastics [2]
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