Abstract
Cost of biodiesel produced from virgin vegetable oil through transesterification is higher than that of fossil fuel, because of high raw material cost. To minimize the biofuel cost, in recent days waste cooking oil was used as feedstock. Catalysts used in this process are usually acids, base, and lipase. Since lipase catalysts are much expensive, the usage of lipase in biodiesel production is limited. In most cases, NaOH is used as alkaline catalyst, because of its low cost and higher reaction rate. In the case of waste cooking oil containing high percentage of free fatty acid, alkaline catalyst reacts with free fatty acid and forms soap by saponification reaction. Also, it reduces the biodiesel conversions. In order to reduce the level of fatty acid content, waste cooking oil is pretreated with acid catalyst to undergo esterification reaction, which also requires high operating conditions. In this review paper, various parameters influencing the process of biofuel production such as reaction rate, catalyst concentration, temperature, stirrer speed, catalyst type, alcohol used, alcohol to oil ratio, free fatty acid content, and water content have been summarized.
Highlights
Fuels, generated from biological feed stocks, are termed as “biofuels.” In general, biofuels can be broadly classified into first-generation fuels and second-generation fuels
Instead of using virgin vegetable oil, waste cooking oil can be used as raw material for biodiesel production [8]
In order to eliminate saponification reaction vegetable oil can be pretreated with acid catalyst, which esterifies free fatty acid to form esters of free fatty acid
Summary
Fuels, generated from biological feed stocks, are termed as “biofuels.” In general, biofuels can be broadly classified into first-generation fuels and second-generation fuels. First generation fuels or conventional biofuels are generally derived from sugar, starch, and vegetable oil source. Biofuels are mostly derived from edible oil, nonedible oil, fats, waste cooking oil, and algae. Advantage of using virgin vegetable oil (edible oil) as raw material for production of biodiesel is their low free fatty acid content [5]. The main advantage of biodiesel synthesis over nonedible oil source is due to their high free fatty acid content [6]. Instead of using virgin vegetable oil, waste cooking oil can be used as raw material for biodiesel production [8]. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil is found to be economically feasible method [9]. Even the wastes (byproducts) generated from biodiesel production can be used for power production [12]
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