Recent innovations in oral drug delivery systems: Examining current challenges and future opportunities for enhanced therapeutic efficacy

Abstract

Introduction: Oral drug delivery remains a cornerstone of therapeutic administration due to its ease of use and broad patient acceptance. However, delivering drugs orally poses significant challenges due to the complex and hostile environment of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including anatomical, biochemical, and physiological barriers. Aim: This article aims to explore recent innovations in oral drug delivery systems, focusing on addressing current challenges and identifying future opportunities for enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Methods: The study reviews advancements in oral drug delivery systems, including novel nanomedicines, microfabricated devices, and targeted delivery technologies. It synthesizes research findings from recent literature to highlight the evolution of these technologies and their impact on drug delivery. Results: Recent innovations include nanoparticles, microemulsions, and microfabricated devices, which enhance drug stability, targeting, and bioavailability. Nanoparticles, such as liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, protect drugs from the GIT environment and improve their absorption. Microfabricated devices, such as microneedles and micropatches, offer controlled and targeted drug release. Additionally, advancements in smart drug delivery systems, such as pH-sensitive and enzyme-responsive systems, provide precise control over drug release. Conclusion: Advances in oral drug delivery systems have significantly improved the ability to overcome GIT barriers, enhancing the effectiveness of oral medications.