Abstract
For heterogeneous catalysis, the metal catalysts supported on reducible metal oxides, especially CeO2 and TiO2, have long been a research focus because of their excellent catalytic performance in a variety of catalytic reactions. Detailed understanding of the promotion effect of reducible metal oxides on catalytic reactions is beneficial to the rational design of new catalysts. The important catalytic roles of reducible metal oxides are attributed to their intimate interactions with the supported metals (e.g., strong metal-support interaction, electronic metal-support interaction) and unique support structures (e.g., oxygen vacancy, reversible valence change, surface hydroxyl). However, the structures of the catalysts and reaction mechanisms are strongly affected by environmental conditions. For this reason, in situ/operando spectroscopy studies under working conditions are necessary to obtain accurate information about the structure-activity relationship. In this review, the recent applications of the in situ/operando spectroscopy methodology on metal catalysts with reducible metal oxides as supports are summarized.
Highlights
The development of spectral characterization techniques has had a significant impact on catalysis science in revealing the structure-activity relationship [1,2]
The microscopic techniques play a key role in revealing the structural basis of strong metal-support interaction (SMSI), which was found to be the formation of an overlayer of the reducible oxide material across the metal surface [26,27,28,29]
The electronicrelationship metal–support interactions (EMSI) often leads to a special structure–activity relationship at the metal–support interfacial site, which will be discussed
Summary
The development of spectral characterization techniques has had a significant impact on catalysis science in revealing the structure-activity relationship [1,2]. By virtue of spectroscopy methodology (e.g., XRD, XAFS, IR, Raman, XPS), the geometrical and electronic structures of the catalytic active site and reaction intermediates can be well characterized. They are strongly affected by environmental conditions (atmosphere, temperature, pressure, etc.) [3]. With the development of in situ/operando spectroscopy methodology, it provides an effective way to identify the intrinsic active sites and corresponding reaction intermediates in real catalytic reactions [4,5]. Catalysts 2019, 9, 477 structural information of active sites and reaction mechanisms by applying situ/operando spectroscopy methodology under practical conditions. We propose current challenges and future strategies for further development of in situ/operando spectroscopy studies in this area
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