Abstract
Between 2008 and 2016 the Morenas Coloradas rock glacier in the Central Andes of Mendoza showed different thermal characteristics at three monitoring sites in active layers, Balcón I (3560 m a.s.l.), Balcón I Superior (3590 m a.s.l.) and Balcón II (3770 m a.s.l.). These can be explained by various factors, not only external ones related to the climatic variability and altitude, but also by thermal-hydrological factors that destabilized its internal cryogenic structure. At Balcón I, situated on a sloping terrace of the rock glacier, a transient layer even showed definitive signs of permafrost degradation in the recent years, transforming it in a thermal talik. Long-term studies of surficial boreholes showed that the 0°C isotherm is higher in altitude than the active front of the rock glacier and it has risen 40 m in altitude since the 1990s. As consequence of the thermal changes of the active layer, the rock glacier shows abrupt movements, particularly in its terminal part. Thus geodesic measurements to obtain different speeds and directions were made. At the monitoring area of Balcón I Superior, which lies on a superimposed lobe, the geodesic measurement points revealed significant kinematic activity in the period May 2015 – February 2016, when the largest displacement was approximately 2 m to the South, developing an advance of the front over Balcón I. At Balcón II however, the points moved much less, in the order of 0.30 m yr-1. The present studies suggest that the largest cryogenic sedimentary movements are superficial, that is to say, they are located in the active layer and the supra-permafrost and are due to internal movements produced by melting water coming from the top of the cryoform, and from both sides of the upper basin of the valley.
Highlights
A rock glacier (Catalano, 1926; Wahrhaftig and Cox, 1959; Corte, 1976a; Giardino et al, 1987; Barsch, 1996; Corte 1997) is a mass of rock fragments and finer material, on a slope, that -when active or inactive- contains ground ice and shows evidence of past or present movement
The Morenas Coloradas rock glacier was presented in the inventory and cartography of rock glaciers of the Cordon del Plata, Central Andes of Mendoza with LANDSAT images 2000 in 2003 (Trombotto, 2003)
The glacigenic rock glacier Morenas Coloradas can be distinguished from the debris covered glacier called Morenas Coloradas by various indicators
Summary
A rock glacier (Catalano, 1926; Wahrhaftig and Cox, 1959; Corte, 1976a; Giardino et al, 1987; Barsch, 1996; Corte 1997) is a mass of rock fragments and finer material, on a slope, that -when active or inactive- contains ground ice (interstitial, massive, glacial or injection ice, see Trombotto Liaudat et al, 2014) and shows evidence of past or present movement. The percentage of ground ice in a rock glacier may show a great variation in the vertical direction of the profiles, or in the horizontal extension of the geoform (Barsch, 1977; Haeberli et al, 1988) This would imply an irregular volumetric ice content that differentially affects the rheology of the geoform. It is a cryogenic landform, supersaturated with ice that, if active, moves downslope by the influence of gravity, which produces creep and deformation of the mountain ice-rich permafrost (Barsch, 1996; Trombotto Liaudat et al, 2014). The Central Andes display a high concentration of rock glaciers, as pointed out by Corte (1976b)
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