Recent developments of sonication process in stability and efficiency of nanofluid-based coolants: A review

Abstract

In recent times, much research has been focused on the development of nanofluids for advanced engineering applications such as lubrication, solar energy harvesting, and heat transfer. The inclusion of nanoparticles is intended to boost the overall heat transfer coefficient while keeping fluid viscosity constant. It is generally accepted that heat transfer is a function of time. Moreover, there is an increasing trend towards the addition of nanoparticles in single-phase flow to increase the viscosity. One of the essential steps in nanofluid preparation is the dispersion mechanism that affects homogeneity, stability, and thermophysical properties. The present review aims to provide the effects of various forms of ultrasonication, which have been reviewed in recent literature. Increasing the duration and intensity of ultrasonication yields several benefits, including enhanced heat conduction and transport, reduced viscosity rise, and decreased pressure drop. Moreover, when comparing effectiveness, ultrasonic horn/probe devices have shown remarkable superiority over ultrasonic bath devices.