Recent developments of nanocatalysts for Stille coupling reaction

Abstract

In organic synthesis, the Stille reaction is one of the most general, effective, and selective Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions for the formation of C–C bonds. It is based on organotin compounds using catalytic amounts of Pd complexes under mild reaction conditions normally. The stability toward moisture and air of organotin mediators provides superiority to the Stille reaction over other Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling transformations. The Stille reaction is effective in preparing promising organic molecules and is generally superior for synthesizing complex molecules including natural products. Currently, metal nanoparticles are more fascinating tools for catalysis due to their high surface-area-to-volume ratio. Besides, magnetic nanoparticles have been the focus of more attraction during the last two decades as they can be easily separated from the reaction mixture. Hence, this review aims to focus on the applications of nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst in Stille coupling elegantly for the first time.